3種萬能思路讓你的雅思寫作構(gòu)思快得飛起來
有沒有一種萬能的寫作思路或論據(jù)來應(yīng)對所有的雅思寫作題目呢?很遺憾，沒有。因為雅思大作文題目包羅萬象，比如環(huán)境類的題目和文化類的題目所包含的重要因素本身就有很大的不同，所以要用一種套路去應(yīng)對所有的寫作題目，幾乎是不可能的。不過，以下分享一些適用于大多數(shù)大作文題目的萬能思路或者論據(jù)，供考生們參考和在考試中緊急的情況下使用。
3種萬能思路 讓你的雅思寫作構(gòu)思快得飛起來
大多數(shù)的雅思寫作主要有以下三種思想或論據(jù)可以作為大作文話題構(gòu)思的突破口。
1、以人為本法
無論哪一類作文題目很大程度上都離不開人，我們在支持哪一方觀點的時候都是因為那么做對人的好處更大。那么人的需求有哪些呢?身體上(健康)vs 心理上(安全，求知，自信，被尊重等);物質(zhì)上(生活質(zhì)量的需求離不開經(jīng)濟基礎(chǔ))vs 精神上(文化娛樂)。
舉2個例子：
1)More young people in the workforce change their jobs or careers every few years. What are the reasons for this? Do the disadvantages outweigh the advantages?
其實這道題目我們完全可以從以人為本這個角度來進行構(gòu)思和分析，比如年輕人為什么要換工作：1). 身體上，比如有些工作對體力要求太高(比如建筑，工程項目等)，或者要加班，熬夜等情況，換工作是因為身體吃不消;2). 從心理上講，某些年輕人沒有被單位認(rèn)可，沒有被客戶或者領(lǐng)導(dǎo)尊重，自尊心受到打擊，所以換工作;3). 物質(zhì)上，換工作是為了賺更多的金錢和福利;4). 精神上(最高層面)，你可以說有些工作可以給年輕人帶來精神上的滿足和享受(比如一些年輕人愿意更換工作去從事一些高檔的繪畫，雕塑等藝術(shù)類的工作)。
2)Some people believe that time spent on television, video and computer games can be beneficial to children. Others believe this has negative effects on children. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
這道題目我們完全可以從人這個角度出發(fā)，同學(xué)們可以從身體上講，玩電子游戲和看電視太久會對健康有傷害(視力，頸椎，肥胖等);從心理上講，不良的節(jié)目和游戲內(nèi)容會對孩子的心理發(fā)展有害(電視里的色情，暴力等)。
2、具體分類法
有的作文題目太泛，我們看完題目后可以思考為：it depends. 在一些具體情況下我支持正方;在另一些情況下我支持反方。
舉2個例子：
1)People can work or study on the internet without going to school or company. Do the advantages outweigh its disadvantages?
其實這道題目就要具體看了，兩邊都可以寫，既可以寫在家里學(xué)習(xí)和工作會給人們帶來很多好處，比如節(jié)約上下班交通時間，避免堵車，在家里上網(wǎng)工作和學(xué)習(xí)不會受到學(xué)校和公司復(fù)雜的人和事的干擾。不會受到公司和學(xué)校里面各種各樣規(guī)章制度的限制和拘束。
也可以反過來講，一直在家里學(xué)習(xí)或上班，容易造成交際能力下降，缺乏溝通能力。人會變的冷漠，不了解外界的實際情況，與社會脫節(jié)。到學(xué)校和公司去，可以融入社會，學(xué)會與人交往，培養(yǎng)孩子各種實際的能力讓他們準(zhǔn)備好進入成人社會。
2)Many people use distance-learning programme (study material post, TV, internet. etc) to study at home. But some people think that it cannot bring the same benefits of attending college. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
這道題目就要具體看了，你可以說數(shù)學(xué)，地理等學(xué)科適合遠程教學(xué);而市場營銷，人力資源等管理學(xué)科目需要強調(diào)人際交往能力和需要小組討論或者頭腦風(fēng)暴，那么他們更需要傳統(tǒng)的課堂教學(xué)。
3、核心詞匯法
有些題目中涉及的因素較多，各因素間關(guān)系復(fù)雜。這類題目似難實易，我們可以抽出題目中的核心詞匯，思考他們各自的本質(zhì)特點，來獲得眾多的思路或者論據(jù)。
舉1個例子：
Some people think success of life is based on hard work and determination, but others think there are more important factors, like money and personal appearance. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
這個題目在審題和構(gòu)思的時候就有點難了，因為題目中涉及的因素較多，我們要牢牢抓住它的核心詞匯。這道題目有四個點都要討論到，分別是hard work and determination和money and personal appearance。在寫這道題目的時候一定要把四個核心詞匯通通講到，而且要注意，題目說生活的成功是建立在這四個基礎(chǔ)之上的，也就是你一定要說先有了hard work and determination, 然后才會成功，比如一個人首先要學(xué)習(xí)或工作努力，才能成功。你可以舉小時候?qū)W英語的例子，比如可以說人生要成功的話，需要很好的英語作為鋪墊，先要每天晚上不停的背單詞和語法，一天都不能偷懶，將來才能學(xué)好英語，然后才能找到好工作，獲得成功的人生。這個就是先有hardworking, 然后成功。比如運動員要取得比賽或人生的成功，他需要首先有一顆堅強的決心，時時刻刻不能因為一點困難就放棄比賽和訓(xùn)練，這個就是先有determination, 然后成功，千萬不能本末倒置。
托福寫作高分的三大特性
1.統(tǒng)一性
一個段落內(nèi)的各個句子必須從屬于一個中心，任何游離于中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。請看下例：
Joe and I decided to take the long trip we‘d always wanted across the country. We were like young kids buying our camper and stocking it with all the necessities of life. Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie. We started out in early spring from Minneapolis and headed west across the northern part of the country. We both enjoyed those people we met at the trailer park. Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner. To our surprise, we found that we liked the warm southern regions very much, and so we decided to stay here in New Mexico.
本段的主題句是段首句，controlling idea(中心思想)是take the long trip across the country。文中出現(xiàn)兩個irrelevant sentences，一個是Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie，這一段是講的是Joe and I ，中間出現(xiàn)一個Bella是不合適的。還有，Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner這一句更是與主題句不相關(guān)?？忌谒募壗y(tǒng)考的作文卷上常常因為造出irrelevant sentences(不相關(guān)語句)而丟分，值得引起注意。再看一個例子：
My name is Roseanna, and I like to keep physically fit. I used to weigh two hundred pounds, but I joined the YMCA for an exercise class and diet program. In one year I lost eighty pounds. I feel much better and never want to have that much weight on my five-feet frame again. I bought two new suitcases last week. Everyday I practice jogging three miles, swimming fifteen laps, lifting twenty-pound weights and playing tennis for one hour. My mother was a premature baby.
本段的controlling idea 是like to deep physically fit，但段中有兩個irrelevant sentences，一個是I bought two new suitcases last week，另一個是My mother was a premature baby。
從上面兩個例子可以看出，native speakers同樣會造出來irrelevant sentences。卷面上如果這種句子多了，造成偏題或離題，那問題就更嚴(yán)重了。
2.完整性
正象我們前面說得那樣，一個段落的主題思想靠推展句來實現(xiàn)，如果只有主題句而沒有推展句來進一步交待和充實，就不能構(gòu)成一個完整的段落。同樣，雖然有推展句，但主題思想沒有得到相對圓滿的交待，給讀者一種意猶未盡的感覺。這樣的段落也不能完成其交際功能。例如：
Physical work can be a useful form of therapy for a mind in turmoil. Work concentrates your thoughts on a concrete task. Besides, it is more useful to workyou produce something rather than more anxiety or depression.
本段的主題句是段首句。本段的兩個推展句均不能回答主題句中提出的問題。什么是 "a mind in turmoil"(心境不平靜)Physical work又如何能改變這種情況?為什么它能起therapy的作用?讀者得不到明確的答案。
由于四級統(tǒng)考的作文部分只要求寫一篇100～120個詞的三段式短文，每一段只有大約40個詞左右，因此，要達到完整就必須盡可能地簡明。例如：
It is not always true that a good picture is worth a thousand words. Often writing is much clearer than a picture. It is sometimes difficult to figure out what a picture means, but a careful writer can almost always explain it.
段首句所表達的主題思想是一種看法，必須有具體事例加以驗證。上述兩個推展句只是在文字上對主題作些解釋，整個段落內(nèi)容空洞，簡而不明。如果用一兩個具體的例子的話，就可以把主題解釋清楚了。比如下段：
It is not always true that a picture is worth a thousand words. Sometimes, pictures are pretty useless things. If you can‘t swim and fall in the river and start gulping water, will you be better off to hold up a picture of yourself drowning, or start screaming "Help"?
3.連貫性(coherence)
連貫性包括意連和形連兩個方面，前者指的是內(nèi)在的邏輯性，后者指的是使用轉(zhuǎn)換詞語。當(dāng)然這兩者常常是不可分割的。只有形連而沒有意連，句子之間就沒有內(nèi)在的有機的聯(lián)系;反之，只有意連而沒有形連，有時行文就不夠流暢。
1) 意連
段落中句子的排列應(yīng)遵循一定的次序，不能想到什么就寫什么。如果在下筆之前沒有構(gòu)思，邊寫邊想，寫寫停停，那就寫不出一氣呵成的好文章來。下面介紹幾種常見的排列方式。
A.按時間先后排列(chronological arrangement)
We had a number of close calls that day. When we rose, it was obviously late and we had to hurry so as not to miss breakfast; we knew the dining room staff was strict about closing at nine o‘clock. Then, when we had been driving in the desert for nearly two hours - it must have been close to noonthe heat nearly hid us in; the radiator boiled over and we had to use most of our drinking water to cool it down. By the time we reached the mountain, it was four o‘clock and we were exhausted. Here, judgement ran out of us and we started the tough climb to the summit, not realizing that darkness came suddenly in the desert. Sure enough, by six we were struggling and Andrew very nearly went down a steep cliff, dragging Mohammed and me along with him. By nine, when the wind howled across the flat ledge of the summit, we knew as we shivered together for warmth that it had not been our lucky day.
本段從 "rose"(起床)寫起，然后是吃早餐("not to miss breakfast", "closing at nine o‘clock")，然后是 "close to noon"，一直寫到這一天結(jié)束("By nine")。
B. 按位置遠近排列(spatial arrangement)。例如：
From a distance, it looked like a skinny tube, but as we got closer, we could see it flesh out before our eyes. It was tubular, all right, but fatter than we could see from far away. Furthermore, we were also astonished to notice that the building was really in two parts: a pagoda sitting on top of a tubular one-story structure. Standing ten feet away, we could marvel at how much of the pagoda was made up of glass windows. Almost everything under the wonderful Chinese roof was made of glass, unlike the tube that it was sitting on, which only had four. Inside, the tube was gloomy, because of the lack of light. Then a steep, narrow staircase took us up inside the pagoda and the light changed dramatically. All those windows let in a flood of sunshine and we could see out for miles across the flat land.
本段的寫法是由遠及近，從遠處("from a distance")寫起，然后"get closer"，再到("ten feet away")，最后是 "inside the pagoda"……當(dāng)然，按位置遠近來寫不等于都是由遠及近。根據(jù)需要，也可以由近及遠，由表及里等等。
托福寫作低分問題整理
1.結(jié)構(gòu)不平行 例：I was able to raise my TOEFL score by studying hard and I read lots of books. 當(dāng)使用連詞將一系列的單詞聯(lián)接起來的時候，應(yīng)當(dāng)使用詞性相同或同一類型的短語。
2.不知所云 例：Many companies began using computers mouth.
3.段落過長，不分段，主語與動詞一致問題 She are a good friend of mine that I has known for a long time. 主語和動詞在數(shù)方面不一致。
4.句子別扭 We heated the soup in the microwave for too long and the shape of the container changed. 措辭過長或不清。換言之，句子顯得滑稽可笑。
5.不要使用縮寫 在正式的寫作中不要使用縮寫形式(can"t，don"t，it"s，we"ll，they"ve等等) ，而應(yīng)當(dāng)使用單詞的完整形式 (cannot，do not，it is，we will，they have等等)。
6.關(guān)聯(lián)詞語重復(fù) Since I want to go to a good school，therefore I am trying to raise my test scores. 不能在該句的主要主語和主要動詞前使用連詞。
7.句子不完整 Many students have a hard time passing all the tests to get into college. For example， my friend in high school. 句子沒有主要主語或主要動詞，因為其實它應(yīng)是一個從句。這是一個非常常見的錯誤，修改的方法是將兩個句子連接起來。
8.不要使用get When I got home， I got tired， so I got a book and got into bed. Get太不正式，意思也過于含糊，不適合用在正式的場合。應(yīng)將get改為一個更加具體的單詞，如become， receive， find， achieve， 等等。
9.書寫難以辨認(rèn)，信息不正確 I would like to study in America because all modern technology originated there. 傳的信息不正確，或者讓人聽起來覺得可能不正確(如果確實是正確的，應(yīng)當(dāng)解釋為什么這樣，因為讀者不認(rèn)為是正確的)。上述例句中，all的意思是百分之百;我們不能絕對地說每一件新東西都是從美國誕生的。為保險起見，應(yīng)當(dāng)使用many或most.非英語單詞Computers are very helpful and advantageable. 盡管看起來象個單詞，其實不是，至少不是個英文單詞。使用這個單詞的另一種形式。
10.介詞多余 I would like to discuss about something important that you mentioned about to me during yesterday. We went to downtown yesterday to buy a watch. When I first came to the US， I did not have a lot of friends in here. In class， my classmate never mentioned about her husband. 在表示這種意思時此單詞不能與介詞連用。這種情況常見于downtown，home，there，here等詞。這些詞語在英語中是副詞而非名詞，因而不能在它們前面添加介詞。
11.跑題或不相關(guān) There are many reasons to buy a car， preferably a nice car. 這個意思與文章的主題無關(guān)。
12.陳詞濫調(diào) It is okay for children to fail sometimes. 所表達的意思很普通 大多數(shù)人都已經(jīng)知道到了，因而就沒有必要再說出來。
13.標(biāo)點問題 I love animals. And I like to help them. Because they are helpless. So I want to become a vet. 這是一個非常普遍的問題!許多學(xué)生在句子中使用了太多的句號，尤其是當(dāng)他們用手寫的時候。
14.重復(fù)冗余 Personally， I believe what the newspaper prints. 一種意思的表述不止一次，或者某個詞語不必要。
15.單數(shù)/復(fù)數(shù) Many year ago， dinosaur roamed the Earths. 單詞需要從單數(shù)變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)，或者由復(fù)數(shù)變成單數(shù)。 單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞 單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞不能單獨使用，應(yīng)該將其變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)形式或者加上限定詞(a， the， my， his， her， Gary"s， no， any， 1， 3， 50， most，等等)。
16.拼寫錯誤，主語、動詞或賓語有問題 I want to buy something for my mother that she will like it. There was a terrible accident happen yesterday. 句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)有問題， 缺少主語、動詞或賓語，或者這些成分重復(fù)。
17.語氣與文章不符 I was kind of mad at the guy who vociferated angry words at me. I have heard many wonderful things about such cosmopolitan cities as Paris， London， Tokyo， and Hong Kong and I would love to visit these cities to check them out. 語氣與文章其他部分不相符， 可能是過于正式或者太不正式。
18.代詞指代不明 If people do not speak the same language， it has a greater chance of miscommunication. I intend to complete my studies in the United States because they have good programs there. 代詞所指代的指示詞(介詞所代替的名詞)不清楚。
19.過于籠統(tǒng) We should use our resources on Earth because the Earth is getting worse. 句子或它所表達的意思過于籠統(tǒng)，不能提供多少信息。
20.動詞時態(tài)錯誤 Yesterday I will go to the store because tomorrow I needed some food. 動詞時態(tài)不正確 檢查一下是應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在時、過去時、將來時還是完成時等等。
21.選詞不恰當(dāng) I was late getting home because I lost my way. 在這種情況下不應(yīng)該使用該詞 可選擇更好的詞語或者所使用的詞語與文章的總體語氣不符。
22.單詞形式不當(dāng) I want to creation a great web site so that I can becoming wealth. 所使用的單詞的形式不正確 檢查一下應(yīng)該使用該詞的名詞、形容詞或副詞形式的哪一種。
23.用詞錯誤 Even I don‘t speak Spanish， I was able to find a bathroom in the department store. I gained a lot of pounds during vacation. 用詞錯誤或在此種情況下該詞不是最佳用詞。
托福寫作優(yōu)秀結(jié)尾的技巧
重申立場
重申立場+總結(jié)理由
讓步+重申立場
重申立場+引申擴展
引申擴展包括：
強調(diào)反對派立場會帶來的后果
展望未來問題的前景
強調(diào)重要性
一、重申立場
“It is difficult for people to achieve professional success without sacrificing important aspects of a fulfilling personal life.”
In conclusion, given the growing demands of career on today’s professionals, a fulfilling personal life remains possible by working smarter, by setting priorities, and by making suitable career choices.
二、重申立場+總結(jié)理由
“Since science and technology are becoming more and more essential to modern society, schools should devote more time to teaching science and technology and less to teaching the arts and humanities.”
In conclusion, schools should not devote less time to the arts and humanities. These areas of study augment and enhance learning in mathematics and science, as well as helping to preserve the richness of our entire human legacy while inspiring us to further it. Moreover, disciplines within the humanities provide methods and contexts for evaluating the morality of our technology and for determining its proper direction.
三、讓步+重申立場
“Job security and salary should be based on employee performance, not on years of service. Rewarding employees primarily for years of service discourages people from maintaining consistently high levels of productivity.”
In the final analysis, the statement correctly identifies job performance as the single best criterion for salary and job security. However, the statement goes too far, it ignores the fact that a cost-of-living salary increase for tenured employees not only enhances loyalty and, in the end, productivity, but also is required by fairness.
四、重申立場+引申擴展
How far should a supervisor go in criticizing the performance of a subordinate? Some highly successful managers have been known to rely on verbal abuse and intimidation. Do you think that this is an effective means of communicating expectations? If not, what alternative should a manager use in dealing with someone whose work is less than satisfactory?
In conclusion, supervisors should avoid using verbal abuse and threats. These methods degrade subordinates, and they are unlikely to produce the best results in the long run. It is more respectful, and probably more effective overall, to handle cases of substandard work performance with clear, honest and supportive feedback.
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