詳解托福閱讀的3個(gè)基本解題步驟
在托福閱讀考試中，我們做題一般都是按照找、讀、選這樣的做題步驟來(lái)解題的。如何掌握這3個(gè)基本解題步驟就是我們托福閱讀考試取得高分的關(guān)鍵。以下就是小編為大家?guī)?lái)的托福閱讀解題的3個(gè)基本步驟，希望對(duì)大家托福閱讀提分有幫助。
詳解托福閱讀的3個(gè)基本解題步驟
如何運(yùn)用托福閱讀的三個(gè)基本解題步驟?當(dāng)大家了解了做題的三個(gè)基本步驟以后，我們來(lái)實(shí)踐操作一個(gè)題目，大家做這道題的時(shí)候一定明白，它不要求一個(gè)學(xué)生去讀完整段文字所有的詞和所有的信息，你只需要正確地掃描和定位就可以了。比如說(shuō)大家看當(dāng)年出現(xiàn)的托?？荚囶}目，在做題之前，我們還可以把這個(gè)做題步驟更有效地去過(guò)一遍：第一個(gè)步驟應(yīng)該是找，找定位詞，找定位詞在文章中第一次出現(xiàn)的位置;第二步是讀，讀懂定位詞存在這句話;第三步應(yīng)該是選。
按照找、讀、選這樣的做題步驟，這道題目是這么說(shuō)的“According to paragraph 4, compared with all other states that use Ogallala water for irrigation, Texas”。這個(gè)問(wèn)題拿到手以后，它是一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的事實(shí)信息題，問(wèn)的是關(guān)于第四段當(dāng)中的一個(gè)具體內(nèi)容，大家第一步應(yīng)該讀懂的是關(guān)于這個(gè)問(wèn)題到底在問(wèn)什么，首先你們請(qǐng)看，根據(jù)第四段，比起來(lái)所有其他那些使用Ogallala的水來(lái)灌溉的洲，請(qǐng)問(wèn)，德州是什么情況?大家必須要明白，句子中“compared with all other states that use Ogallala water for irrigation”它只是作為狀語(yǔ)成分出現(xiàn)，而問(wèn)題真正問(wèn)的是關(guān)于德州。既然問(wèn)題問(wèn)德州，我們需要去尋找掃描定位德州存在的句子，這個(gè)時(shí)候可見(jiàn)讀懂問(wèn)題是非常重要的，大家想，如果我們現(xiàn)在定位的不是“Texas”，而是“irrigation”灌溉，或者是“Ogallala”，或者是其他的詞，你就沒(méi)有辦法找到能夠回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題的句子。
所以如果已經(jīng)確定德州的話，在一段文字當(dāng)中，千萬(wàn)不要去讀每個(gè)詞和每個(gè)句子，這樣的弊端應(yīng)該大家能夠想得到，那就是：第一個(gè)，浪費(fèi)了很多時(shí)間;第二個(gè)，信息量非常大，導(dǎo)致我們沒(méi)有時(shí)間去完成所有的題目。所以對(duì)于托福閱讀考試而言，一定要掃描定位，在一段非常長(zhǎng)的文字當(dāng)中快速地從段首開(kāi)始掃描定位，然后找到德州所存在的句子。掃描這件事情，大家經(jīng)過(guò)訓(xùn)練，就可以非常熟練。
那么，第一次當(dāng)你找到德州這個(gè)詞出現(xiàn)的位置，意味著這個(gè)詞之前的所有的這些句子成分，在文章中都從來(lái)沒(méi)有提到過(guò)德州這個(gè)詞。而真正能夠回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題的，也就是德州出現(xiàn)的位置。按照《官方指南》說(shuō)明，我們只需要去快速讀懂這句話，而且后面的信息在一般情況下也不需要去讀，答案通常出現(xiàn)在一句或者兩句話當(dāng)中。所以大家在讀完這句話之后，快速去驗(yàn)證選項(xiàng)找一個(gè)同義替換。
最后我們?cè)賻痛蠹艺w地梳理一遍做題步驟。首先拿到一道事實(shí)信息題，讀問(wèn)題，問(wèn)題在問(wèn)什么找什么，問(wèn)題定位詞應(yīng)該是“Texas”，所以需要從段首掃描定位，去找到“Texas”這個(gè)詞第一次出現(xiàn)的位置，然后閱讀這個(gè)句子。在讀完之后，抓住它的準(zhǔn)確含義，從選項(xiàng)當(dāng)中去驗(yàn)證一個(gè)正確選項(xiàng)，這就是我們要跟大家說(shuō)的關(guān)于考試閱讀整個(gè)的做題步驟。而這道題，也是在托福閱讀的十種題型當(dāng)中，出現(xiàn)頻率最高，占據(jù)分?jǐn)?shù)最大的一個(gè)題目。
其它托福閱讀題目大家也依然可以按照這樣的方式，仔細(xì)研讀關(guān)于《官方指南》中對(duì)題目的說(shuō)明。其實(shí)不僅是閱讀這個(gè)部分，聽(tīng)力、口語(yǔ)、寫作也需要大家去更好地去了解托?？荚嚨囊蟆⒃硎窃鯓拥?，然后更高效、不走彎路地備考。最后，我們希望大家能夠真正地循序漸進(jìn)地準(zhǔn)備托?？荚?，厚積薄發(fā)，最終取得好成績(jī)。最后，祝大家在2020年托?？荚図樌?。
托福閱讀材料：Whale fossil stuck in Egypt customs wrangle
Its name in Arabic is Wadi Hitan but it is known as the Valley of the Whales.
For years palaeontologists have been unearthing a remarkable collection of whale fossils, all the more surprising because the area is now inland desert in upper Egypt.
It is believed that about 40 million years ago the area was submerged in water, part of the Tethys Sea. As the sea retreated north to the Mediterranean it left a series of unique rock formations and also a cornucopia of fossils.
One of the most exceptional finds was a 37 million-year-old whale from the species Basilosaurus isis, unearthed by a team led by Prof Philip Gingerich of the University of Michigan in the United States.
But now it has become the subject of a bizarre customs wrangle at Cairo airport.
Prof Gingerich explained that this was the only complete specimen from this species of whale.
It provides evidence of how whales evolved from being land-based creatures to go back into the sea - a reverse of the usual evolutionary process.
Basilosaurus isis retained tiny feet, a useless reminder of its evolution from land animal to sea-dweller.
The limbs are human sized, even though the creature is 15m-16m long.
For the past two years Prof Gingerich and his team have been painstakingly reassembling the skeleton back in Michigan. It is now being returned to Egypt for a new museum, planned for the Valley of the Whales.
But according to the Egyptian media the whale skeleton is stuck at Cairo airport.
Customs agents are demanding a ,000 fee.
It is not clear how they came to that figure as prehistoric fossils have no agreed market value.
In any case the Egyptian authorities who are importing the fossil are refusing to pay.
A senior official from the ministry of tourism has warned that the issue needs to be resolved speedily, otherwise it could cause a "big scandal" for Egypt, he said.
Prof Gingerich joked that it had taken two-and-a-half years to be allowed to export the fossil to the United States, and it could take another two-and-a-half years to get it back.
托福閱讀材料匯總：Will Satellites and Supercomputers Improve Bird Watching?
Add space satellites and supercomputers to the list of birdwatching tools.
Scientists at Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Cornell University's Lab of Ornithology are combining those high-tech tools with a database of bird sightings contributed by birdwatchers to learn how climate change is affecting bird movement in the United States.
"The approach we're taking here is we're trying to bring together as much environmental data as we can to try to understand what influences the bird migration," said Bob Cook, a distinguished research scientist at ORNL involved with the effort. "We're trying to address a really important question with regard to climate change: How might climate change influence the migration patterns of birds?"
That includes information about rainfall, temperature and snow cover, as well as the start of spring greening and the composition of land cover -- forested, urbanized or grassland, for example.
The land cover information is drawn from a NASA satellite sensor, MODIS -- that's short for "Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer". Bird sightings are taken from an online database run by Cornell and the National Audubon Society. Launched in 2003, E-bird allows "citizen scientists" to submit detailed reports via an Internet checklist.
Combining and analyzing all that data will require computing might provided by TeraGrid, a National Science Foundation-administered network of supercomputers.
Steve Kelling, director of information science at Cornell's ornithology lab, said the new project will allow scientists to link bird sightings to climate conditions.
Via the seven-year-old E-bird database -- which accepts observations recorded a century ago, as well as present-day bird sightings -- "we have really good information on the location where observations were made," Kelling said. "We can link those with other kinds of environmental observations, like land cover, type of climate, temperature, elevation and human demographic information."
Adding in the MODIS satellite data provides information about when spring greening begins and when fall starts, he said, two things that seem to be important environmental cues for bird migration.
Potential for a fatal mismatch
Eventually, the scientists would like to develop models that can forecast how future climate shifts might affect bird populations.
"We'd like to be able to shift the greening index to occur two weeks earlier or two weeks later and see if that influences the model's predictions of when birds will arrive at certain latitudes," Kelling said.
Climate change could produce a mismatch between a bird species' cue to migrate or nest and the availability of food, he noted, a phenomenon that's been observed with some species in Europe. For example, if the American Robin miscalculates spring and arrives before the insects it eats are ready, the birds could starve.
Several recent reports -- including two by the Interior Department and one from the National Audubon Society -- have found evidence that climate change is already altering bird habitat and migration patterns in the United States. Kelling said the advantage of the new project is harnessing the power of E-bird.
It's the only dataset that gives information about patterns of bird movement throughout the year, he said, noting that many other studies have relied on data collected through the Audubon's annual Christmas Bird Count or similar events.
In contrast, birders submitted 11 million individual bird sightings to E-bird between January 1 and July 31 of this year.
"It's just an immense amount of information," said Cook, whose work on the bird project is a proof of concept for a larger effort he's helping to direct, the Data Observation Network for Earth.
The five-year, NSF-funded program aims to help research scientists find new ways to visualize and explore large amounts of information.
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