如何合理建立托福寫作段落結(jié)構(gòu)
在托福寫作中我們除了關注句式和詞匯的運用之外,段落的架構(gòu)也是整體文章最后得分的關鍵。而對于托福寫作來說,他的結(jié)構(gòu)和我們所經(jīng)歷過的議論文寫作頗為相似。下面我們就為大家來詳細分析一下如何合理安排托福寫作的段落結(jié)構(gòu)。
如何合理建立托福寫作段落結(jié)構(gòu)
在托福作文寫作中,一般遵循introduction- body-conclusion(導語段-主體段-定論段)的“三步曲”。Body(主體)時間供給了證明觀念的理由,是整個托福 寫作的主體,在評分中占有很大的比重。例如一篇滿分的托福作文有必要“presents a fully developed position in answer to the question with relevant, fully extended and well supported ideas”。這兒的“fully extended / well supported”,有必要經(jīng)過主體段來表現(xiàn)。
1.Write a topic sentence for each paragraph you plan to write. Each topic sentence should relate to your thesis statement and introduce what the paragraph will be about. If you find that the topics you want to discuss do not support the thesis statement you have written, revise your thesis statement or reconsider your topic sentences.
(每個主體段都有必要有一個清楚的主題句)
2.Write ideas that support your topic sentences. The topic sentence for each paragraph tells the reader what the paragraph will be about. The ideas stated in the rest of the paragraph should all relate to the topic sentence.
(支撐句有必要環(huán)繞主題句翻開)
新托福滿分作文也需求“is well organized and well developed, using clearly appropriate explanations, exemplifications, and/or details”,相同有必要經(jīng)過主體時間打開來完畢。一般來說,一篇議論文寫作有必要包括至少兩個主體段。托福作文每個主體段都有必要有清楚的主題句“topic sentence”和若干支撐句“supporting sentences”。他們一起組成文章的理由段,對全文的觀念供給理由支撐。
托福寫作經(jīng)典結(jié)構(gòu)——5段式結(jié)構(gòu)
常用iBT文章結(jié)構(gòu)-適用于comparison & contrast essay和argument essay.
不論是comparison & contrast essay還是argument essay,它們的文章結(jié)構(gòu)基本相同。分為3大部分和5段結(jié)構(gòu)(Point-by-Point Format), 也許有人喜歡4段(即Block Format),但就初來乍到者,我還是建議他們使用Point-by-Point Format, 并且依據(jù)我老師的經(jīng)驗(Jeff)來看,北美人更加喜歡這種結(jié)構(gòu)(其實因為這些老外每天都要批閱幾十篇文章,他們已經(jīng)不閱讀文章的內(nèi)容,僅僅是審查文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯,他們沒有時間去對比Block Format結(jié)構(gòu)中的問題或者論點),這令我很吃驚,這與國內(nèi)老師的意見相駁或者相反。
這篇經(jīng)驗我想用一個例子(Coffee and tea)來向大家解釋,有可能我的例子不是很好,或者論點有些可笑,不過我想大家還是要記住,老外已經(jīng)在iBT中說明,他們不關心你的論點(Issue/Top Sentences) 和論據(jù)(Details/Evidence)是否合情合理,只關心你的論據(jù)(Details/Evidence)是否可以證明你的論點,僅此而已。大家在稍后的文章中可以看到,我的3個論點中的2個比較controversial, 但是,在我的Detail中支持的好就可以了。
首先,談一談5段式結(jié)構(gòu)和Body Paragraph的結(jié)構(gòu):
Introduction Paragraph:Say what you are going to say.
這個我想不用我多說了,就是文章的“引子”,你的文章是否有高分,這個很重要。這樣的句子不要出現(xiàn),例如:In my essay, I will demonstrate…。下面的句子Jeff稱之為Ok Sentence,即可以出現(xiàn)的句子,例如:Tea is the best drink in the world. 或者可以使用五星級的句子,例如:Although Coke is becoming more popular, it can not replace China's love of tea.
Background / Definition: 重新描述問題,但是不要使用老外給你的題目原話,這里我可以說,如果你使用了原話,不會對你的文章產(chǎn)生任何不好的影響,只是你不會在這里拿到應該得到的分數(shù)而已。你可以寫成為 Tea is the most popular hot drink in the world.
Thesis: 中心句,如果文章不是argument essay,請不要直接在句子中表達自己的意見或者用一種General的形式來表達大家的意見, 例如:Tea is the world's favorite drink because it provides health benefits, it is less expensive, and it is available in many varieties.
Forecasting: 見關鍵詞解釋。Because后面的3個簡單句就是Forecasting。
Body Paragraph I:
Top Sentence: First,Tea is healthier to drink. (OK-Sentence)Jeff推薦的句子Drank by million of people, tea is… (分詞開頭-ed),再如:Improving your health, tea is drank…(動名詞開頭-ing),又如:For thousands of years, tea is…(General 開頭)
Detail: 這個不用多說了,就是要把你的例子舉出來了。For example, people who drink tea, live longer, healthier lives than these who drink coffee.
Befriend:這個是重點了,要把拳頭收回來。例如:Although coffee is good for your health, it cause heart attacks in large amounts.
Support:這個時候需要你利用你事實作為拳頭伸出去,例如:In fact, heart attacks are one of the leading causes of death, so tea is a better drink according to doctor's suggestion.
Concluding Sentence:最后要簡單扼要的總結(jié)一下,你在這段的論點和論據(jù),其原理就像是簡易書架,你只有兩邊都有支撐的面,你的書才不會向沒有支撐面的那邊倒去??赡苡行┡笥颜J為這個比較麻煩或者多余,不過我還是建議大家要包含這個部分,例如:To sum up, tea is healthier in several ways compared to coffee.
Body Paragraph II: 結(jié)構(gòu)如上述,我就不多說了。
Body Paragraph III: 同上。
Conclusion Paragraph: 關于Conclusion我還是要多說兩句,通常老外喜歡用Conclusion作為整篇文章的結(jié)尾用詞,而用to sum up等作為段落的總結(jié)。例如:Despite the fact that coffee consumption is increasing, it will never be as beneficial as tea. Tea is less expensive, comes in more varieties, and is healthier. In conclusion, tea will remain the best drink until humans invent something better.
順便提及一下,有的朋友會問,是否可以變化一下Body Paragraph的結(jié)構(gòu),我的建議是不要變化,不信的話,您可以自己嘗試一下把你的文章重新排一下,您就會知道這里面的區(qū)別了。
再談一下comparison & contrast essay 和argument essay的區(qū)別:
在我看來,它們之間的區(qū)別有兩點。第一點,作者的視角不同。何謂視角不同?即當你寫argument essay的時候,你需要在Introduction Paragraph中的Thesis中表達作者支持哪一方面。第二點,對比方面在文章中所占的份額,即如果你在寫comparison & contrast essay時,比例為40%(一方面的優(yōu)點)和60%(另一方面的優(yōu)點和缺點),雖然是comparison & contrast essay, 但是我想作為作者,你怎么也要表達一下自己的意見或者意圖,讓讀者明白你是雖然在作兩件事物的比較,但是還是有你的偏好在里面(喜歡Reading的朋友會有這種體會)。在寫argument essay 時,比例為10%(敵對方的缺點)和90%(支持方的優(yōu)點針對敵方缺點和無傷大雅的支持方缺點)。
最后談一下在我們寫作是要注意的問題。
1. 要多使用連接詞來轉(zhuǎn)換讀者的視角和給出你自己的例子。不要讓讀者自己通過文章內(nèi)容來轉(zhuǎn)換視角,這樣的文章不適用于考試,而適用于你自己的寫作中或者長篇論文中。
2. 通常,我都是在寫開頭的時候,順便把文章的結(jié)尾一并寫好,因為文章開頭和結(jié)尾的結(jié)構(gòu)相似??梢怨?jié)省時間。
3. 一定要花時間來檢查文章中的詞匯是否正確以及必要的時候要用更好的句型來優(yōu)化你的寫作。有很多朋友覺得時間不夠,所以不檢查自己的文章,我想既然你用鍵盤輸入你的文章,就一定有錯誤的時候,況且那個時候比較緊張。我作為視計算機為自己一部分的人,每次給客戶,朋友和同事回信的時候,我都要檢查一下。以免讓人家笑話或者引起爭議。
以上就是小編為大家整理的托福寫作經(jīng)典的5段式結(jié)構(gòu),大家在平時練習的時候就可以根據(jù)這個結(jié)構(gòu)來寫。
實例講解托福獨立寫作首段思路和段落結(jié)構(gòu)
好的開始是成功的一半!在托??荚囍校芏鄬W生面對三、四百字的獨立寫作要求,有了思路,卻遲遲不知如何動“筆”,30分鐘的時間一分一秒流逝,文章質(zhì)量也會隨著心理狀態(tài)的不同而受影響,從而影響最終的托福成績。
為了使學生在有限的時間以最佳的狀態(tài)一氣呵成,臨場發(fā)揮是不可取的,通過無數(shù)考生的親身驗證,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)即使考生英語水平非常好,寫作不做任何準備去應考也是風險很大的。因此,考生務必在考試之前做好充足的準備工作。
既然要準備充足,方方面面的工作都要細究,今天要細究的內(nèi)容是開頭部分,我們將通過一條實例給大家講一下首段的寫作思路和段落結(jié)構(gòu)。
經(jīng)過一段時間的備考,很多同學對于獨立寫作題目涉及的話題應該是比較熟悉了,在進行首段結(jié)構(gòu)講解之前,希望大家思考這樣一個問題:獨立寫作中所涉及的這些話題,為什么會被ETS考官選中,放在一個全球性的語言考試中呢?大家可以再回顧一下獨立寫作的一些題目,他們其實都有一個共同的性質(zhì),那就是它所涉及的話題和內(nèi)容,都是大家熟知的,并且會引起人們的討論的話題,也就是考生們“普遍知曉”,并能“引起討論”。因此我們得出托福獨立寫作題目的兩個特點:一是具有“普遍性”,二是具有“可討論性”。
所謂“普遍性”,就是題目涉及的內(nèi)容大家都熟知,例如,曾經(jīng)有這樣一個題目:A/D:The telephone has greater effects on people than television.題目當中的television 和telephone都是大家熟知的事物,起碼對于所有托??忌鷣碚f,大家都肯定是再熟悉不過的東西了,所以這樣的事物出現(xiàn)在題目中,是具有公平性的;
所謂“可討論性”,就是指題目所涉及的話題有可討論的價值,如同辯論賽的論題一樣,它是可以讓正反雙方展開討論的,他的觀點是辯證的。
根據(jù)這兩個特點,我們總結(jié)了一種開頭段的結(jié)構(gòu),這個結(jié)構(gòu)有三部分組成:第一部分——體現(xiàn)普遍性;第二部分——體現(xiàn)可討論性;第三部分——得出立場或者文章打算;這里的第三部分根據(jù)大家文章行文思路的不同而進行不同的段落收尾就可以了,下面我們根據(jù)這個結(jié)構(gòu)理論來進行一個題目的講解:
2012.08.25=2009.10.07NA
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? To achieve successful development of a country,a government should spend more money on young children’s education(5-10) rather than on universities.
同意/不同意:為了一個國家的發(fā)展,政府應當花更多的錢在兒童教育上,而不是大學教育上。
這是一個教育類的話題,同時涉及到政府撥款的問題,涵蓋兩個方面的比較,一個是投資兒童教育,一個是投資大學教育。大家試著將這兩個方面總結(jié)成一個事件
——the issue of how to invest in education
或者——the issue of educational investment
做完這項工作之后就可以按照三部分的結(jié)構(gòu)寫出開頭段了。
首先要寫的是普遍性:
As is often the case, the issue of educational investment is so much concerned that it has aroused a wide discussion.
此句中開頭是以as引導的非限制性定語從句,as指代的是逗號后面句子中的全部內(nèi)容,這件事是經(jīng)常發(fā)生的情形。此句體現(xiàn)了問題的普遍性。然后就要體現(xiàn)可討論性了,如何來體現(xiàn)呢,首先,出現(xiàn)可討論性的前提,就是因為出現(xiàn)了差異,我們可以適當?shù)倪^度交代一下原因,可如下敘述:
People varying in personalities as well as backgrounds tend to look at the same matter from diversified perspectives.
這句話的意思是,因為人們個性和背景方面各不相同,所以人們往往從不同的角度看待同一個問題。過度之后,進行“可討論性“的寫作:
Some people maintain that investing in primary education is a wise/an optimum option, while others hold that investing in tertiary-level education is sensible/sagacious.
將兩部分人的觀點進行論述,目的在于通過可討論性的體現(xiàn),將題目轉(zhuǎn)化成雙方面的觀點。之后要做的工作就是段落收尾了,收尾之前也需要進行適當?shù)匿亯|In taking various factors into consideration, 其中take…into consideration代表“考慮”之意,相當于consider something,之后,根據(jù)行文方式的不同選擇不同的收尾方式,下面給大家兩中選擇:
——I reckon that elementary education and high-level education are intertwined elements that are playing respective roles in the process of one’s growth.
這種收尾方式偏向中庸之道,后面的行文也多傾向于分情況討論的思路;
——I reckon that it is the latter/former claim that makes more sense/ bears more rationality.
這種收尾方式思路方向比較確定,一般選擇立論文的考生會選擇。
綜上我們將這篇文章整合匯總?cè)缦拢?/p>
In recent years /As is often the case, the issue of educational investment is so much concerned that it has aroused a wide discussion. People varying in personalities as well as backgrounds tend to look at the same matter from diversified perspectives. Some people maintain that investing in primary education is an optimum option, while others hold that investing in tertiary-level education is sensible. In taking various factors into consideration, I reckon that elementary education and high-level education are intertwined elements that are playing respective roles in the process of one’s growth.
(I reckon that it is the latter/former claim that makes more sense / bears more rationality.)
大家可以看到,在文中多次出現(xiàn)初級教育和高等教育的詞組,但上文卻采取了不同的表達方式,primary education對應于elementary education,tertiary-leveleducation相對應于high-level education。因此,向大家強調(diào)一點是,如果在一個段落,或者一篇文章中,我們不可避免的會遇到重復意思的表達,這時候,希望大家多多積累同近義詞的短語和詞組,用于文章當中將會顯得語言更加豐富。
許多考生在學習之初可以適當?shù)谋痴b段落和詞句,因為提高寫作做好的方法就是臨摹和套用,大家可以將上述段落中的下劃線部分看做模板句式,非下劃線部分可以根據(jù)題目來進行填充。下面我們利用上述模板,來練習另一道題目:
In your opinion, which one is better, to spend money on something that lasts for a long time, such as valuable jewelry, or spend your money on short term pleasure such as vacation?
花錢買貴重物品還是去短期度假
首段:
As is often the case, the issue of money spending is so much concerned that it has aroused a wide discussion. People varying in personalities as well as backgrounds tend to look at the same matter from diversified perspectives. Some people maintain that spending on jewelry is a wise/ an optimum option, while others hold that spending on vacation is sensible/ sagacious. In taking various factors into consideration,I reckon that material life and spiritual enjoyment are intertwined elements that are playing respective roles in daily life.
由此,這篇文章的首段就完成了,在寫作之初,建議大家多多學習范文或模板的寫作,但不容忽視的是,模板性越強的段落應用性和靈活性越差,所以,在托福備考進行到一定程度時,希望大家更多地組建自己最順手的模板段落或句型,并且多加練習,只有這樣,在面臨寫作題目的時候,才能“臨危不懼”地一氣呵成。
【托福寫作】托福寫作經(jīng)典范文解析
寫作范文
When a new piece of technological device, usually an electronic gadget, is launched, there must be long queues of people who cannot wait to own it. On the other hand, there are patient people, who wait until the market calms down. Although passion is not necessarily undesirable, patience is more adoptable.
當啟動一種新的技術設備(通常是電子產(chǎn)品)時,一定會有很多人迫不及待想要擁有它。 另一方面,還有耐心的人,他們等到市場平靜下來。 盡管熱情不一定是不希望的,但耐心更可取。
這段從一個例子開始訴說一個中心思想,然后最后一句話帶出耐心更需要被采用。典型的開頭見山,例子清晰簡單,而且很有認同感,讓讀者想起iPhone的發(fā)布。
For one thing, if a consumer could stay calm, he or she would likely have an economical deal or even a bargain. As consumer electronics are updated so frequently that the original high price of a model can hardly remain long, it is not smart to purchase a device when it is newly available and at its peak price. After the initial thrill, many early birds regret their impulse because they know that they have overpaid. It is therefore sensible to buy the device when the price drops to a reasonable level. As for the excitement of owning a new digital gear, as long as the device is new to its owner, it does not have to be the freshly available.
一方面,如果消費者能夠保持鎮(zhèn)定,則他或她可能會達成經(jīng)濟交易,甚至討價還價。 由于消費電子產(chǎn)品的更新頻率很高,以至于模型的原始高價幾乎無法維持太久,因此,在新近可用且價格最高的設備上購買設備并不明智。 最初的激動之后,許多早起的鳥兒后悔自己的沖動,因為他們知道自己付出了高昂的代價。 因此,在價格降至合理水平時購買設備是明智的。 至于擁有新的數(shù)字設備的興奮,只要該設備是其所有者的新設備,就不必新鮮購買。
Here comes the follow-up question: for how long should a consumer wait? Usually a few months — when many people have owned it. A typical example is smart phones, whose old models are replaced with new ones annually. A consumer could wait for merely a few months and own the most recent model with a moderate expense of money, saving hundreds of dollars.
接下來的問題是:消費者應該等待多長時間? 通常幾個月-當很多人擁有它時。 一個典型的例子是智能手機,其舊型號每年都會被新型號替換。 消費者只需要等待幾個月,就可以擁有一筆適度的金錢,擁有數(shù)百美元,就能擁有最新的模型。
上面的例子的詳細介紹,通過問答形式開頭,能夠吸引考官注意,代入感很強,讓考官有興趣去繼續(xù)閱讀。
中心句:
Waiting is a rational decision also because consumers can be better-informed. Although it is exciting to chase the trend closely, those technological fashionistas can wind up feeling disappointed. When they purchase a newest model of tablet or a most cutting-edgy wearable item, they often have no idea or only a vague idea of how these products actually feel—the appearance, the tactility, the weight and the functionality. At the moment they open the box, any feature that is below their expectations can upset them. Contrarily, patience makes winners. It is particularly advantageous that ‘late arrivals’, who have probably learned the strengths and weaknesses of a device from the feedback of ‘early birds’, are well prepared for the item. Especially unsurprising by the drawbacks, those patient shoppers are less likely to be ripped off .
等待也是一個理性的決定,因為消費者可以了解更多信息。 盡管緊追潮流是令人興奮的,但是那些技術時尚達人可能會感到失望。 當他們購買最新型號的平板電腦或最易切削的可穿戴產(chǎn)品時,他們通常對這些產(chǎn)品的實際感覺一無所知,或者只是模棱兩可—外觀,觸感,重量和功能。 在他們打開包裝盒的那一刻,任何低于他們期望的功能都會使他們不高興。 相反,耐心使勝利者。 可能已經(jīng)從“早起的鳥兒”的反饋中了解到設備優(yōu)勢和劣勢的“遲到者”為該物品做好了充分的準備,這是特別有利的。 尤其是不足為奇的是,那些耐心的購物者被剝奪的可能性較小。
中心句依舊使用例子證明自己的觀點,通過人們的購買習慣來證明消費者更具備耐心。承接下面的總結(jié),不會一下子把思想講完,以為是結(jié)束了。
In conclusion, first, if a technological product is purchased at a supposedly lower price, it is more worth the money; second, if the decision of purchasing is based on others’ user experience as reference, it may be more reasonable. For these two reasons as the minimum, it is better to buy a technological device when the initial heat is gone than when the tide is high.
總之,首先,如果以較低的價格購買技術產(chǎn)品,那么物有所值; 其次,如果購買決定是基于他人的用戶體驗作為參考,則可能更合理。 出于這兩個最低限度的原因,最好是在初始熱量消失時購買技術設備,而不是在漲潮時購買。
句法結(jié)構(gòu)豐富且自然:沒有過度堆砌語法結(jié)構(gòu)而造成閱讀困難、冗余、油膩,作為范文可以幫助學生建立正確的導向,防止一味追求復雜結(jié)構(gòu)。詞匯地道且自然:并沒有追求長難罕見詞,但大量使用了學生普遍認識但未必會用的詞匯,恰如其分,沒有明顯的中文痕跡。
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