托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作主體段寫(xiě)法技巧——單一觀點(diǎn)篇
托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作對(duì)于很多托??忌鷣?lái)說(shuō)是取得高分難以逾越的一道鴻溝,這不僅需要大量的練習(xí),還需掌握其中的訣竅。今天,小編為各位考生帶來(lái)托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作主題段單觀點(diǎn)的寫(xiě)法點(diǎn)撥,希望對(duì)各位考生有所幫助。
托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作主體段寫(xiě)法技巧——單一觀點(diǎn)篇
通常對(duì)于獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作我們都會(huì)選擇五段式的結(jié)構(gòu),這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)包括三個(gè)主體段,按照題型我們可以將寫(xiě)作類(lèi)型分為三個(gè):支持反對(duì)類(lèi)(單觀點(diǎn))、對(duì)比比較類(lèi)(雙觀點(diǎn))、自主定義類(lèi)。首先我們要明確一下定義,單觀點(diǎn)話(huà)題就是說(shuō)題目只要求考生表明自己的態(tài)度,支持或反對(duì),并且題目中沒(méi)有任何要求拿來(lái)作比較的對(duì)象。今天,閆玲娟老師跟各位考生分析一下有關(guān)單觀點(diǎn)類(lèi)題目的寫(xiě)作技巧,下面是一道典型的題目:
? Topic 2007.11.3
? People who do not work because they have enough money are rarely happy.
這道題就是一道典型的單觀點(diǎn)題目,“那些因?yàn)橛凶銐虻腻X(qián)而不去工作的人,他們鮮少開(kāi)心。”
針對(duì)單觀點(diǎn)話(huà)題主體段的展開(kāi)有兩種方式,舉例我們支持是A觀點(diǎn),先來(lái)看第一種寫(xiě)法。
1. A+A+A
這種寫(xiě)法代表著我們需要用三個(gè)理由支持自己的選擇。
Topic:It is desirable to know about events from all over the world even if it is unlikely to have any effect on your daily life.
? 了解世界各地發(fā)生的事情是好的,縱使這些事不會(huì)對(duì)我們的日常生活產(chǎn)生任何影響。
1. To begin with, being aware of these cultural events means having more topics for communication.
2. In addition, learning news about science is necessary for us to form correct world views in today’s fast-changing society.
3. In the end, understanding political incidents serves as an excellent method to broaden our horizons.
在這種寫(xiě)法里考生可舉出了三個(gè)論點(diǎn)正向支持自己的態(tài)度,認(rèn)為了解這些事情是必要的。但是這種寫(xiě)法并不適用于每個(gè)考生,因?yàn)閷?duì)于大部分考生來(lái)說(shuō),要一口氣想到主體段的三個(gè)理由是有難度的,需要較為豐富的素材積累和較快地反應(yīng)速度才能做到。因此,大部分考生在寫(xiě)作過(guò)程中傾向于選擇讓步段的寫(xiě)作方式,可以快速簡(jiǎn)單有效地解決主體段分論點(diǎn)。下面我們來(lái)看第二種寫(xiě)法。
2. A+A+(-A)
這種寫(xiě)法代表,前兩個(gè)論點(diǎn)正向表達(dá)考生的觀點(diǎn),最后一個(gè)主體段讓步一下,以達(dá)到全面看待topic的效果。在此引用一個(gè)例子:
? Scientists should be responsible for negative impacts of their discoveries?
? Disagree
1. The aim and motivation of scientists’ research is to transform the world and improve people’s life.
2. The results of most discoveries are advantageous to our society.
3. Admittedly, we should not overlook that in some cases, scientists’ inventions lead to negative impacts.However, this kind of impact often is not created by scientists. It could be the consequence of people’s improper use.
這道題我們的寫(xiě)法依然是先用兩個(gè)理由解釋我們?yōu)槭裁闯址磳?duì)的態(tài)度,然后再用一個(gè)相反的觀點(diǎn)削弱我們的態(tài)度,從而達(dá)到全面看待問(wèn)題的效果。最后一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)的邏輯是,雖然承認(rèn)有負(fù)面影響,但同時(shí)為科學(xué)開(kāi)脫:這些消極的影響并非出自科學(xué)家之手,而是由于人們的不恰當(dāng)使用造成的。
托福寫(xiě)作的平衡觀點(diǎn)如何保證“平衡”
一、怎樣才算托福寫(xiě)作的平衡觀點(diǎn)
很多托福寫(xiě)作考題的提問(wèn)方式都是“Do you agree or disagree?”或者“To what extent do you agree or disagree?”
很多剛剛接觸托福考試的學(xué)生甚至是老師認(rèn)為對(duì)于這種提問(wèn)方式無(wú)非就是yes或no兩種答案,所以文章的觀點(diǎn)也就只能是同意或者不同意了。
其實(shí),對(duì)于這類(lèi)提問(wèn),也可以采用“折衷”的觀點(diǎn),即“partly agree,partly disagree”(部分同意,部分不同意)。但是前提是一定要在文章中從支持和反對(duì)的兩方面都闡述一些理由,而且最好再提出一種“折中”方案。
例如,考題問(wèn)“現(xiàn)在很多人用動(dòng)物做試驗(yàn),你同意嗎?”,考生可以在文中分別討論支持和反對(duì)動(dòng)物試驗(yàn)的理由,最后提出動(dòng)物試驗(yàn)既有好處也有壞處,這就是一種“折中”觀點(diǎn)。除此之外,作者還提出了是否能用動(dòng)物來(lái)做試驗(yàn)主要是取決于試驗(yàn)是否能給人類(lèi)生活帶來(lái)顯著的改善(比如幫助人類(lèi)發(fā)明治療Aids的藥物),這就屬于“折中”方案,也就是對(duì)觀點(diǎn)的一種平衡介紹。
二、托福寫(xiě)作觀點(diǎn)如何平衡介紹
1、興利除弊
“興利除弊”應(yīng)該是一種比較簡(jiǎn)單的折衷方案,在優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)類(lèi)文章中特別常用。即在分析完考題所涉及事物的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)之后,在結(jié)尾段提出“優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)都有,我們要興利除弊”這樣的折衷方案。例如以下考題:The advantages brought by the spread of English as a “global language” will outweigh the disadvantages. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this view?
在討論完英語(yǔ)作為全球性語(yǔ)言的利與弊之后,結(jié)尾段可以這樣提出折衷觀點(diǎn):
To sum up, it is difficult to tell whether or not the advantages outweigh the disadvantages regarding the spread of English as a global language. What we may have to consider is how to accept this trend as positive while at the same time staying away from its drawbacks.
2、平衡發(fā)展
很多考題需要考生討論兩種觀點(diǎn),通常會(huì)有“discuss both views and give your own opinion”這樣的提問(wèn)要求。很多情況下,文中說(shuō)到的兩種觀點(diǎn)表面上看來(lái)是完全相反,但其實(shí)并不矛盾,可以用“平衡發(fā)展”的思路來(lái)提出觀點(diǎn)。例如考題:Some people think that cultural traditions may be destroyed when they are used as money-making attractions aimed at tourists. Others believe it is the only way to save these traditions. Discuss on both sides and give your opinion.
在討論完發(fā)展旅游的必要性和保護(hù)文化傳統(tǒng)的重要性之后,結(jié)尾段可以這樣提出折衷方案:
We should find the right balance between tourism development and cultural protection and I believe the government has a very important role to play here. In my own country, for example, many tourist cities have made effective development plans to successfully attract large numbers of visitors while still preserving their distinct cultural traditions.
有時(shí)在討論完A和B兩種觀點(diǎn)以后,可以提出類(lèi)似于“同意A還是B要取決于……”這樣的折衷觀點(diǎn),前文講到的動(dòng)物試驗(yàn)是否可以進(jìn)行取決于試驗(yàn)的性質(zhì)就是屬于這樣的方案。再比如下面這個(gè)例子:Some people think that the animals should be treated as pets; others think that animals are sources of food and clothing. What is your opinion?
在討論完動(dòng)物當(dāng)寵物養(yǎng)的理由和動(dòng)物當(dāng)食物吃的理由之后,結(jié)尾段可以這樣提出觀點(diǎn):
From my point of view, there is no absolute answer as to whether animals should be treated like pets or as sources of food and clothes. It largely depends on what kinds of animals they are. But what remains undoubted is that we should treat animals with a humane attitude and bear in mind that they are important in preserving nature’s ecological equilibrium.
3、解決方法
很多雙邊討論型文章中所討論的兩種觀點(diǎn)其實(shí)是可以通過(guò)某種方案來(lái)“化解矛盾”的,例如這道考題:In many countries, good schools and medical facilities are available only in cities. Some people think new teachers and doctors should wok in rural areas for a few years, but others think everyone should be free to choose where they work. Discuss and give your own opinion.
在討論完“支邊”的利(縮小城鄉(xiāng)差距)與弊(年輕人喪失自由)之后,我們可以提出這樣一種解決方案:
The best solution, therefore, is not to order, but to encourage. We should instill a sense of responsibility in young people and give more incentives to those who are willing to work in difficult areas, so that we can address the problem of urban-rural disparity while respecting whatever decisions new teachers or doctors have made.
新東方托福寫(xiě)作語(yǔ)料庫(kù):是否只有使我們?cè)谡鎸?shí)生活中學(xué)到東西的電影才值得看
【觀點(diǎn)類(lèi)】
The movies are worth watching only if they can teach something in real life, to what extent do you agree or disagree? 只有使我們?cè)谡鎸?shí)生活中學(xué)到東西的電影才值得看,你在多大程度上同意這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)?(2016年5月28日)
【相關(guān)題目】
Only movies that can teach us something about real life are worth watching,to what extent do you agree or disagree? 只有教會(huì)我們認(rèn)知真實(shí)生活的電影才是值得關(guān)注的,你在多大程度上同意這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)?(2013年9月1日)
【作家立場(chǎng)】
就觀影而言,人各有所愛(ài),很多的電影值得欣賞,不同類(lèi)型的電影對(duì)于觀眾有不同利好,因此,簡(jiǎn)單認(rèn)為只有反映真實(shí)生活的電影才值得欣賞是很膚淺的。
【思路拓展】
除了反映真實(shí)生活的電影,還有那些電影是值得觀看的。
① 科幻電影:探究未知,滿(mǎn)足好奇是人之本性,這就是為什么很多年輕人喜歡看科幻類(lèi)的電影。我個(gè)人就是科幻電影的發(fā)燒友,因?yàn)榭苹秒娪翱梢约ぐl(fā)我的想象能力,滿(mǎn)足我的好奇心,加深我對(duì)于未知世界的洞察。
② 喜劇電影:現(xiàn)代人生存壓力大,觀影其實(shí)是很多人忘卻現(xiàn)實(shí)煩惱以及放松身心的一種方式,因此,觀看喜劇電影就是很好的緩解壓力的方式。電影中的幽默元素舒緩緊張情緒,培養(yǎng)人的幽默感,甚至可以令人在歡笑中思考生活,以樂(lè)觀態(tài)度面對(duì)生活。
讓步反映真實(shí)生活的電影值得觀看
① 當(dāng)一部電影可以反映最真實(shí)的生活的時(shí)候,它可以引發(fā)觀影者共鳴,因此,一些人喜歡觀看現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的電影, 一些紀(jì)錄片就是很好的例證。以我為例,我也很喜歡類(lèi)似于《站臺(tái)》,《小武》這樣的寫(xiě)實(shí)主義電影,它們描繪的場(chǎng)景很多再現(xiàn)了我成長(zhǎng)的歲月的片段,因此,觀看這類(lèi)電影也是一種溫暖的回憶,同時(shí),它們加深了我對(duì)于現(xiàn)實(shí)生活的洞察。
【經(jīng)典語(yǔ)料】
1. Such is human nature to explore the unknown 探究未知是人之本性
2. One man's meat is another man's poison 蘿卜青菜,各有所愛(ài)。
3. People's tastes differ greatly in their choice of favorite movies 選擇自己喜歡的電影,人們的品味差異很大。
4. science fiction movie 科幻電影
5. a fancier of science fiction movie 科幻電影的發(fā)燒友
6. I take great pleasure in watching movies that depict the future world 我以觀賞描述未來(lái)世界的電影為樂(lè)趣。
7. meet one's sense of curiosity 滿(mǎn)足一個(gè)人的好奇心
8. stir one's vivid imagination = stimulate one's vivid imagination 激發(fā)一個(gè)人豐富的想象力
9. foster my keen analytical mode of thinking 培養(yǎng)我敏銳的分析能力
10. deepen my insight into the future world 加深我對(duì)于未來(lái)世界的洞察
11. Watching comedy movies is an effective way to relax one's body and ease one's mind 觀看喜劇電影是有效的一種有效的放松身心的方式。
12. make one have a pleasant character 使一個(gè)人性格開(kāi)朗
13. cultivate one's sense of humor 培養(yǎng)一個(gè)人的幽默感
【拓展】cultivate = foster = develop 培養(yǎng)
14. It is worthwhile to appreciate those movies that could mirror the reality of life 反映現(xiàn)實(shí)的生活的電影是值得欣賞的。
【解析】worthwhile adj有價(jià)值的
【拓展】is worth doing sth = be worthy of doing sth值得做……
15. Some documentary films greatly arouse my sympathy. 一些紀(jì)錄片極大地引起了我的共鳴
【解析】sympathy n 同情心,共鳴
16. make us have a deeper understanding about life 加深我們對(duì)于生活的理解。
17. films that mirror real life = movies that reflect real life 反映真實(shí)生活的電影
18. The nostalgic theme of the movie called up my warm memory of growth 電影懷舊的主題喚醒了我成長(zhǎng)歲月的溫暖記憶。
【拓展】nostalgic = retrospective adj 懷舊的
19. After enjoying this thought-provoking movie, I benefited a great deal, it gave me a kind of invisible power and taught me to remain cheerful in time of adversity 觀賞了這部令人思考的電影,我收益良多,我獲得一種無(wú)形的力量,電影教會(huì)我在逆境中保持樂(lè)觀。
【解析】《肖申克的救贖 》的教育意義
【解析】remain cheerful in time of adversity 逆境保持樂(lè)觀
【解析】thought-provoking adj 令人思考的
20. I learn to brave life challenges optimistically 我學(xué)會(huì)了樂(lè)觀地面對(duì)生活的挑戰(zhàn)。
新東方托福寫(xiě)作語(yǔ)料庫(kù):人們購(gòu)物是否是因?yàn)槠渌M(fèi)者的影響
【觀點(diǎn)類(lèi)】
Some believe that people are buying products they don't need because others have them. To what extent do you agree?人們購(gòu)物是因?yàn)槭艿剿说挠绊?,是否同?
【作家立場(chǎng)】個(gè)人消費(fèi)以需求為導(dǎo)向的,因此,簡(jiǎn)單認(rèn)為人們的消費(fèi)會(huì)受到他人購(gòu)物的影響是很膚淺的。
【作家立場(chǎng)】人們消費(fèi)選擇更多的是因?yàn)樽晕业男枨?,而不是受到他人的影響?/p>
【翻譯】It is rather groundless to simply believe that most people usually buy things under the subtle influence of others. 簡(jiǎn)單認(rèn)為人們的消費(fèi)都是受到他人的潛移默化的影響是很膚淺的。
【解析】under the subtle influence of …… 在……的微妙的影響下
【思路拓展】
他人的消費(fèi)為何不能影響人們的購(gòu)物選擇:
1. 大多數(shù)人會(huì)珍惜他們辛苦賺到的錢(qián),因此,人們會(huì)理性地分配他們的財(cái)政預(yù)算。對(duì)于可支配收入有限的人而言,他人的消費(fèi)選擇影響是有限的。
2. 人們購(gòu)物是因?yàn)樽晕业男枨螅皇潜凰说南M(fèi)選擇影響。我個(gè)人的例子可以被引用來(lái)證明我的立場(chǎng)。
他人的消費(fèi)為何能夠影響人們的購(gòu)物選擇(用于讓步段)
我承認(rèn),有時(shí)候,人們的消費(fèi)會(huì)受到他人的影響。例如,一些年輕消費(fèi)者不需要手機(jī),但是,當(dāng)他們看到其他的同齡人擁有一部漂亮的手機(jī)的時(shí)候,他們會(huì)沖動(dòng)消費(fèi)。
【新東方網(wǎng)薛鵬原創(chuàng)語(yǔ)料庫(kù)】
1. Some young consumers may not actually need a new smart phone but they buy it impulsively soon after they notice that other peers own a beautiful phone. 一些年輕消費(fèi)者不需要手機(jī),但是,當(dāng)他們看到其他的同齡人擁有一部漂亮的手機(jī)的時(shí)候,他們會(huì)沖動(dòng)消費(fèi)。
點(diǎn)評(píng):用于讓步段,強(qiáng)調(diào)廣告對(duì)于消費(fèi)者的影響。
2. Most people will value their hardly earned money,thus, most people will wisely allocate their financial budget. 大多數(shù)人會(huì)珍惜他們辛苦賺到的錢(qián),因此,人們會(huì)理性地分配他們的財(cái)政預(yù)算。
解析:allocate v分配……
解析:hardly earned adj 辛苦賺到的
解析:hardly earned money n辛苦賺到的錢(qián)
3. People’s consumption needs have an indispensable role to play in money management. 人們的消費(fèi)需求決定了人們的金錢(qián)管理。
解析:have an indispensable role to play in 在……中發(fā)揮了不可缺少的作用
4. On the part of those who have limited disposable income,the influence of other people may exert a trivial influence on them. 對(duì)于可支配收入有限的人而言,他人的消費(fèi)選擇影響是有限的。
解析:those who have limited disposable income n 那些可支配收入有限的人
解析:may exert a trivial influence on 對(duì)于……影響是很小的
5. People buy thing more often because of their own needs rather than being swayed by the result of other consumption. 人們購(gòu)物是因?yàn)樽晕业男枨螅皇潜凰说南M(fèi)選擇影響。
解析:is swayed by = is influenced by = is affected by …… v受到……的影響
解析:sway v 使搖擺;受到影響
拓展:exert a subtle influence on sb v對(duì)于……施加了微妙的影響
6. Most customers have their own standards of good products, therefore,they will, in most cases, make their own reasonable decision in buying their favorites. 大多數(shù)的消費(fèi)者有自己對(duì)于好商品的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),因此,多數(shù)情況下,他們理性地購(gòu)買(mǎi)他們需要的商品。
解析: favorite adj 最喜歡的;n 最喜歡的人或者物。
7. It is fairly superficial to simply believe that everyone is swayed by others and buy goods impulsively. 簡(jiǎn)單認(rèn)為,人人會(huì)受到他人的消費(fèi)影響因此沖動(dòng)購(gòu)物是非常膚淺的。
解析:It is fairly superficial to simply believe that ……簡(jiǎn)單認(rèn)為……是非常膚淺的
8. The consumer goods become popular are not only because the impact of others but also affected by the personal needs. 消費(fèi)品變得流行,不僅僅是因?yàn)槭艿搅怂说挠绊?,而是因?yàn)閭€(gè)人的需要。
9. My personal story can be cited to justify my stand 我個(gè)人的例子可以被引用來(lái)證明我的立場(chǎng)。
解析:cite v 引用
解析:justify v 證明合理
10. From our life,it is easy to find out plenty of evidence to prove that ……生活中可以找到很多的例子來(lái)證明……
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