托福獨立寫作三大類別介紹
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托福獨立寫作三大類別介紹
1、簡單說明文 Explanation
結(jié)構(gòu)：
首段：背景介紹(Back Information)，引出話題，提出主旨，即主題句(Thesis Statement)
教師指導托福獨立寫作三大類別詳解
主體段：Supporting，即列出理由和引用具體例子來進行說理論述。
例：
In general, people are living longer now. Discuss the causes of this phenomenon. Use specific reasons and details to develop your essay.
分析：
首段可以提出人們?nèi)缃衿骄鶋勖^之前有了大幅度的上漲，引出主要內(nèi)容，提出自己的觀點。
中間段，可以分成來說明這個現(xiàn)象的具體原因，如：人們飲食條件的提升，不再存在吃不飽的情況，而且飲食也越來越科學越來越方便;醫(yī)療技術也越來越發(fā)達，醫(yī)治不及導致死亡的情況減少;經(jīng)濟社會比較穩(wěn)定。
句型：
Among various factors that …… are A, B and C.
A is a very important factor.
Equally important is the ……
Matching A and B is another essential factor ,C.
注意：
主題句要注意盡量不要只使用抽象名詞，而且用詞、時態(tài)要注意，主題句應該值得解釋、值得證明。
2、對比對照說明文 Compare and Contrast：
結(jié)構(gòu)：
首段同簡單說明文，包括背景信息和主旨的介紹。
主體段則是進行對比對照(Compare and Contrast)，同一事物的不同方面或者是同一方面的不同事物等。注意條例一定要清楚。
結(jié)尾重申觀點，結(jié)論。
句型：
Somebody assert that B is better than A. However, I want to reason that A is better than B.
對比對照排列順序(兩種方法)：
a) A三對一錯，B三錯一對
b) A三對B一對，B三錯A一錯
注意：
順序很重要!結(jié)論不重要
3 立論文 Argumentation
結(jié)構(gòu)：
要注意的一點是，這類作文的立場可能不只一個，不能以對錯來判斷。
首段：介紹文章的背景信息，提出自己的觀點和看法。
第二段，具體闡述自己的觀點，通過一些事例的引用和論證。
第三段，駁論，反駁與自己相反的觀點。
結(jié)尾，做出總結(jié)，重述自己的立場。
注意：
Argumentation是以讀者為導向的，有時候順序、結(jié)論并不重要，說服重于表達。
托福寫作優(yōu)秀句子的匯總
One of the greatest early writers said ...
"Knowledge is power", such is the remard of ...
"......". That is how sb comment ( criticize/ praise...).
"......". How often we hear such words like there.
Useful quotations
逆境
by Robert Collier
In every adversity there lies the seed of an equivalent advantage. In every defeat there is a lesson showing you how to win the victory next time.
努力與成功
by Ann Landers
Opportunities are usually disguised as hard work, so most people don't recognize them.
堅持
by Ralph Waldo Emerson
No one can cheat you out of ultimate success but yourselves.
Confucius 孔子
Our greatest glory is not in never falling...
but in rising every time we fall.
堅持
Mother Teresa
To keep a lamp burning we have to keep putting oil in it.
Henry Ford
Nothing is particularly hard if you divide it inuo small jobs.
Winston Churchill
Never, never, never, never give up.
Albert Einstein
In uhe middle of difficulty lies opportunity.
努力與成功
by Crassus
Those who aim at great deeds must suffer greatly.
Thomas Edison
There is no substitute for hard work.
Leo Tolstoi
The strongest of all warriors are these two- Time and Patience.
Thomas Jefferson
I'm a great believer in luck,
and I find the harder I work...
the more I have of it.
Robert Collier
Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.
Ray A. Croc
Luck is a dividend of sweat. The more you sweat, the luckier you get.
實際經(jīng)驗與間接經(jīng)驗
You'll learn more about a road by traveling it...
than by consulting all the maps in the world.
動機與結(jié)果
Vince Lombardi
Winning isn't everything...
but wanting to win is.
John F. Kennedy
We choose to go!to the moon and other things , oot because they are easy, but because they are hard.
Thucydides
The strong do what they will.
The weak do what they must.
為人態(tài)度：
John Wooden
Talent is God given--Be Humble.
Fame is man given-- Be Thankful.
Conceit is self given --Be Careful.
行動：
Theodore Roosevelt
Do what you can , with what you have , with where you are.
Publilius Syrus Maxim
No one knows what he can do till he tries.
Terence
There is nothing so easy but that it becomes difficult when you do it reluctantly.
Thomas Fuller
A wise man turns chance into good fortune.
William Hazlitt
Prosperity is a great teacher;
adversity is a greater.
William Penn
No pains, no palm;
no thorns, no throne;
no gall , no glory;
no cross, no crown.
Will Rogers
Even if you're on the right track, you'll get run over... if you just sit there.
Opportunity rarely knocks on your door.
Knock rather on opportunity's door if you ardently wish to enter.
成功與失敗
Vince Lombardi
It's not whether you get knocked down.
...It's whether you get up again.
Winston Churchill
An optimist sees an opportunity in every calamity;
a pessimist sees a calamity in every opportunity.
熱情(年輕/年老)
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm.
信心
James Allen
The will to do springs from the knowledge that we can do.
Samuel Johnson
Few things are impossible to diligence and skill.
Aughey
Lost time is never found again.
Voltaire
No problem can stand the assault of sustained thinking.
Napoleon
Victory belongs to the most persevering.
細心
Euipides
Leave no stone unturned.
計劃與工作
Norman Vincent Peale
Plan your work for today and every day;
then work your plan.
Henry Ford
Failure is only the opportunity to more intelligently begin again.
Thomas Edison
I start where the last man left off.
理想與現(xiàn)實
What the mind of man can conceive and believe,
the mind of a man can achieve.
勤奮
Benjamin Franklin
Plough deep while sluggards sleep.
目標
Henry David Thoreau
In the lone run men hit only what they aim at.
幸運
Emily Dickinson
Luck is not chance...
It's toil...
Fortune's expensive smile is earned.
勤奮
Thomas Edison
Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration.
Useful Quotations
想象力
Albert Einstein
Imagination is more important than knowledge.
挑戰(zhàn)：
Walter Begehot
The great pleasure in life is doing what people say you cannot do.
機會與準備
Abraham Lincoln
I will prepare and some day my chance will come.
與事實
Henry Ford
Whether you think you can or think you can't -- you are right.
English Proverb
Where there's a will there's a way.
There is no failure excepting no longer trying.
Luck is what happens when preparation meets opportunity.
托福寫作常犯的7種錯誤
1. 不完整的句子
(1) If you find that writing is hard is because it is hard. One of the hardest things that people do.
If you find that writing is hard is because it is hard—one of the hardest things that people do.
(2) Stereotypes are a kind of gossip about the world. A gossip that makes us prejudge people before we ever lay eyes on them.
Stereotypes are a kind of gossip about the world, a gossip that makes us prejudge people before we ever lay eyes on them.
Stereotypes are a kind of gossip about the world that makes us prejudge people before we ever lay eyes on them.
2. 分詞短語作狀語的錯誤
Holding her in his arms, the moon hid behind the cloud.
As soon as the moon hid behind the cloud, he held her in his arms.
3. 修飾詞錯位
(1) Romeo received word that Juliet was dead from another messenger.
Romeo received word from another messenger that Juliet was dead.
(2) After leaving the stage, the audience’s applause called the musicians back for an encore.
After the musicians left the stage, the audience’s applause called them back for an encore.
(3) Disruptive in the classroom, a teacher may become exasperated with hyperactive children.
Disruptive in the classroom, hyperactive children may exasperate a teacher.
4. 串句
Unproductive or uncooperative workers can seriously harm an organization, for this reason, employers need to have accurate information about employee performance, but when employees have full access to their own personnel files, co-workers and even supervisors will often find it difficult to give frank criticism of underachievers or to report troublemakers.
Unproductive or uncooperative workers can seriously harm an organization; for this reason, employers need to have accurate information about employee performance. But when employees have full access to their own personnel files, co-workers and even supervisors will often find it difficult to give frank criticism of underachievers or to report troublemakers.
5. 時態(tài)錯誤
The researchers admitted that they falsified crucial data in the study.
The researchers admitted that they had falsified crucial data in the study.
6. 代詞錯誤
(1) Too often people either keep their feelings to themselves or take it our on others.
Too often people either keep their feelings to themselves or take them our on others.
(2) Each girl and boy must do their part to keep the home fires burning.
Each girl and boy must do her or his part to keep the home fires burning.
(3) This college has their own entrance requirements.
This college has its own entrance requirements.
(4) If one wishes to participate in the political process, you can begin by voting regularly.
If one wishes to participate in the political process, one can begin by voting regularly.
(5) The fire in the library was finally put out. For a while, they thought an unhappy employee might have started it.
The fire in the library was finally put out. For a while, the library staff thought an unhappy employee might have started it.
7. 結(jié)構(gòu)混亂
Because Hemingway’s style is simple makes his writing accessible to all readers.
Because Hemingway’s style is simple, his writing is accessible to all readers.
Hemingway’s simple style makes his writing accessible to all readers.
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