托福綜合寫作之閱讀材料歸納總結(jié)技巧
在托福寫作備考的過程中，詞匯和思維枯竭往往是我們學(xué)生最容易遇到的備考問題。那么，想要跨越這些障礙，我們又該做些什么呢?下面我們就為大家?guī)硗懈＞C合寫作之閱讀材料歸納總結(jié)技巧，希望能為大家備考帶來幫助。
托福綜合寫作之閱讀材料歸納總結(jié)技巧
對(duì)于托福寫作里面的第一道大餐，很多同學(xué)都有這樣的誤解：閱讀材料因?yàn)闀?huì)在考試過程中出現(xiàn)兩次，并且在最后文章的寫作當(dāng)中，并不需要太多的閱讀的細(xì)節(jié)，所以在閱讀的時(shí)候只需要在確定了開頭段的中心論點(diǎn)之后，對(duì)后面三個(gè)分類點(diǎn)的閱讀內(nèi)容，只集中在topic sentence上面就可以了。這實(shí)際上是一個(gè)誤區(qū)，因?yàn)閷?duì)閱讀材料的把控，會(huì)直接影響到后面聽力的結(jié)果。簡單說來，就是閱讀材料把握越好，聽力內(nèi)容往往能把握得更準(zhǔn)確，細(xì)節(jié)也更為充分。下面想要和大家分享到 的，是April在托福綜合寫作的教學(xué)工程中總結(jié)出來的閱讀材料的解構(gòu)方法，希望能對(duì)備考托福綜合寫作的同學(xué)有一些幫助。
二. 閱讀開頭段的解構(gòu)
1. 閱讀開頭： 綜合寫作的開頭段，一般會(huì)先引出本篇文章話題，不管是什么題材的題目，都會(huì)有話題引入的部分。我們閱讀開頭段主要目的是獲取題目的中心論點(diǎn)。
請(qǐng)看?個(gè)官方真題Official的開頭例?：
對(duì)應(yīng)考題舉例：官方真題Official10
The sea otter is a small mammal that lives in waters along the western coast of North America from California to Alaska. When some sea otter populations off the Alaskan coast started rapidly declining a few years ago, it caused much concern because sea otters play an important ecological role in the coastal ecosystem. Experts started investigating the cause of the decline and quickly realized that there were two possible explanations: environmental pollution or attacks by predators. Initially, the pollution hypothesis seemed the more likely of the two.
對(duì)應(yīng)考題舉例：官方真題Official6
Communal online encyclopedias represent one of the latest resources to be found on the Internet. They are in many respects like traditional printed encyclopedias collections of articles on various subjects. What is specific to these online encyclopedias, however, is that any Internet user can contribute a new article or make an editorial change in an existing one. As a result, the encyclopedias.is authored by the whole community of Internet users. The idea might sound attractive, but the communal online encyclopedias have several important problems that make them much less valuable than traditional, printed encyclopedias.
大家不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，不管是采取哪種方式開頭，有一點(diǎn)我們可以確定，就是閱讀開頭段的中心論點(diǎn)，一定出現(xiàn)在該段的段末。但是大家一定不要就以此為依據(jù)考試過程中只讀最后一句，應(yīng)為綜合寫作涉及的題材廣泛，只有整體把控，才能理解得最為準(zhǔn)確。
2. 閱讀材料中間段：總體說來，閱讀材料的中間段是以并列形式出現(xiàn)的，所以三個(gè)段落的解構(gòu)方式也是一樣的。大部分題目的中間段是以一個(gè)topic sentence 開頭的，所以很多同學(xué)堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為閱讀看看開頭句就好。實(shí)際上，對(duì)于大部分考試來說，三分鐘去讀這篇閱讀文章，時(shí)間是非常充分的，那么考生應(yīng)該做的是好好利用這個(gè)時(shí)間，對(duì)中間段的內(nèi)容通讀一篇，解構(gòu)的要點(diǎn)有兩個(gè)，一是要找出論證的角度，這有利于推測聽力材料的論證邏輯，其次是要通讀過后找出論證里面的邏輯鏈，這是最后我們?cè)趯懽魑恼聲r(shí)，直接需要的東西。
請(qǐng)看官方真題Official里面節(jié)選出來的中間段：
對(duì)應(yīng)考題舉例：官方真題Official10
Second, other sea mammals such as seals and sea lions along the Alaskan coast were also declining, indicating that whatever had endangered the otters was affecting other sea mammals as well. This fact again pointed to environmental pollution, since it usually affects the entire ecosystem rather than a single species. Only widely occurring predators, such as the orca (a large predatory whale), could have the same effect, but orcas prefer to hunt much larger prey, such as other whales
解析：論證角度：同類型海洋生物的死亡
邏輯鏈“：同類型海洋生物死亡 ←污染導(dǎo)致的生態(tài)破壞/widely occurring predators→orcas only hunt much larger prey→只能是污染導(dǎo)致sea otters 數(shù)量下降
這個(gè)題目，如果只看開頭段，就會(huì)忽略到orcas 這樣的一種可能性，而后面的聽力材料，正是從這個(gè)角度求展開反駁的?？上攵?，如果只看開頭段，既回使自己聽力邏輯不完整，也會(huì)使自己的聽力很難聽明白。
對(duì)應(yīng)考題舉例：官方真題Official6
First, contributors to a communal online encyclopedia often lack academic credentials, thereby making their contributions partially informed at best and downright inaccurate in many cases. Traditional encyclopedias are written by trained experts who adhere to standards of academic rigor that non-specialists cannot really achieve
解析：論證角度：inaccuracy of online encyclopedia
論證邏輯：lack academic credentials→inaccurate contributions
這個(gè)題目的角度很明確，邏輯很清晰。把握住這兩點(diǎn)之后，我們可以確定聽力材料一定會(huì)從inaccuracy of online encyclopedia 這一點(diǎn)展開反駁，這樣我們?cè)诼牭倪^程中，可以不用糾結(jié)聽力的論證角度和邏輯，重點(diǎn)放到細(xì)節(jié)上面，使自己聽力材料能把握得更為充分。
總而言之，托福綜合寫作在材料的解構(gòu)過程中，我們需要把握“統(tǒng)籌全局，重點(diǎn)突破”的這個(gè)要點(diǎn)。所謂統(tǒng)籌全局，就是文章盡量不要挑重點(diǎn)來讀，一定要通讀一遍，這樣把握的信息才準(zhǔn)確，邏輯才可能完整。重點(diǎn)突破的含義就是我們?cè)诎盐兆≌w文章之后，重點(diǎn)看開頭段的結(jié)尾句，以及中間段的開頭句，并以此為依據(jù)，成為我們?cè)谧詈髮懽鬟^程中呈現(xiàn)出來的內(nèi)容。
托福寫作分類話題詞匯——媒體篇
Media
curiosity 好奇心
dependable/trustworthy 值得信賴的
coverage 覆蓋面
make headlines, newsworthy 成為頭版頭條; 有新聞價(jià)值的
informative, entertaining 信息量大的; 娛樂的
privacy, violate/intrude on/infringe on someone's privacy 隱私; 侵犯某人隱私
ratings 評(píng)分
go viral /all the rage 變得流行
journalists/the press 記者;報(bào)刊，新聞界
groupies, icon, make a splash 追星族; 偶像; 產(chǎn)生轟動(dòng)
clarify, censorship 澄清; 審查
blow things out of proportion, exaggerate things 夸大事實(shí)
commercial, flyer, billboard, poster, tabloid 電視廣告; 傳單; 廣告牌;海報(bào);小報(bào)
quiz show, reality show, talk show, variety show 智力競爭節(jié)目; 真人秀; 脫口秀; 綜藝節(jié)目
sitcom, soap opera, current affairs 情景喜劇; 肥皂劇; 實(shí)事
the print media/the electronic media 紙媒; 電子媒體
be awash with/be inundated with/be saturated with sth. 被……所充斥
delete/eliminate/excise 刪除
excessive/gratuitous violent and pornographic contents 過量的暴力和色情內(nèi)容
misleading/misrepresented/distorted 誤導(dǎo)的，扭曲的
celebrities, scandals 名人;丑聞
up‐to-?date/up‐to-?the-?minute 新的
code of ethics/code of conduct 道德準(zhǔn)則，行為準(zhǔn)則
ubiquitous/prevalent 無所不在的
high-profile, low-?profile 高調(diào)，低調(diào)
fabricated, absurd/ludicrous 編造的;荒謬的
托福寫作分類話題詞匯——家庭篇
Family
elderly people 老年人
family bonds 家庭紐帶
family values 家庭價(jià)值
strengthen/reinforce 加強(qiáng)
sibling 兄弟姐妹
cousin 表親
personality clash 性格沖突
household appliances 家用設(shè)備(電器等)
generation gap 代溝
neighborhood 鄰居
blood is thicker than water. 血濃于水
a sense of belonging 歸屬感
an attachment to sth. 對(duì)某事的執(zhí)著和喜愛
single-parent households 單親家庭
domestic violence 家庭暴力
harmony 和諧
托福寫作分類話題詞匯——交通篇
Transportation
treacherous road conditions 危險(xiǎn)的道路環(huán)境
public transit 公共交通
drunk driving 酒后駕駛
means of transportation 交通方式
vehicle 交通工具
densely-populated 人口密集的
be squished up 被擠得跟沙丁魚似的
impose higher taxes on 在……上課以重稅
metropolitan 大都市的
underpass 地下通道
overpass 天橋
steam-driven 蒸汽驅(qū)動(dòng)的
petrol-driven 石油驅(qū)動(dòng)的
hydrogen-driven 氫氣驅(qū)動(dòng)的
chaotic 混亂的
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