托福寫作中的10個小技巧
為了幫助大家備考托福，提高托福寫作水平，下面小編給大家?guī)硗懈懽髦械?0個小技巧，來學習一下吧！
托福寫作中的10個小技巧
1：你的時間預(yù)算。
You have only a half hour in which to complete your work, You should use your time more or less as shown below::
Reading and thinking about the topic 2-3 minutes
Planning and taking notes 2-3 minutes
Writing the essay approximately 20 minutes~
Checking the essay 3-5 minutes
2：仔細閱讀問題。
You must write on the topic exactly as it is given。
3：頭腦風暴。
Before you begin to write, spend a minute or two “brainstorming。” Think about the topic and the best way to approach ti。
4：寫你計劃的文章。
You don’t have to write out a formal outline with Roman numerals, capital letters, and so on. However, you should make some notes. By following your notes, you can organize your essay before you write, leaving you free to concentrate on the task of writing。
5：確保你的筆跡是盡可能清晰。
Handwriting that is hard to read may unconsciously prejudice the readers who are grading you essay. Be sure your handwriting is not too small or too large。
6：遵循一個明確，邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。
All TWE essay should consist of three basic parts:
An introductory paragraph
An body: consists of two or three paragraphs。
A concluding paragraph
7：使用具體的例子，具體原因。
Whenever you make a general statement, you should support it with specific examples。
8：使用信號詞來表示的轉(zhuǎn)換。
Signal words can be used to join paragraph to paragraph and sentence to sentence。
9：使用不同的句子類型。
Good writing in English consists of a more or less equal balance between short, simple sentences consisting of only one clause and longer sentences containing two or more clauses. Therefore, make an effort to use sentences of various lengths。
10：檢查作文錯誤。
Don’t cross out long sections or try to add a lot of new material. Look for obvious errors in punctuation, spelling, and capitalization as well as common grammatical mistakes。
托福寫作的常見題型及答題要點
托福獨立寫作問題模式：
1.描述解釋型
2.二選一型、三選一型
二選一主要包括兩種形式：
1. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
2. Which opinion do you prefer?
三選一：Which contributes the most to an enjoyable vacation? Good food, good location, good friends to travel with?
判斷一道題是否屬于“二/三選一型”，可以看題目中是否包含下列詞匯：agree or disagree, prefer, which is better, recommend等。
3.比較對比型
1)最高級題目
這類題目的特點就是題目中帶一個最高級，比如
Money is the most important aspect in a job.
這道題目中出現(xiàn)了most這種最高級，只要掌握這種題目的寫法，那么其他出現(xiàn)最高級的題目都可以迎刃而解。
2)頻率詞題目
這類題目中會帶有表示頻率的詞匯，而且這類詞匯往往是非常絕對的。比如
Competition between friends always has a negative effect on their friendship.
這道題目中出現(xiàn)了always，這是一個非常突出的頻率詞。我們平時要注意總結(jié)這類題目的寫法。
3)比較類題目
It is better to take a secure job with a low pay than to take a job with a high pay but is easy to lose.
這個題目中是拿兩個東西或者選擇作為比較，通常題干中會出現(xiàn)比較級。
4)隱藏all題目
Students should not take part‐time jobs while they are studying in the university.
所謂隱藏all類的題目就是并沒有給出那么顯眼的標志詞，比如最高級，比較級，頻率詞等。但是它通常會給出情態(tài)動詞，比如should 或者can，這種時候我們就要注意題目很可能就是隱藏all的題目。
5)今夕對比
所謂今夕對比，就是過去和現(xiàn)在的對比，比如
It is much easier for people to achieve success without their family members’ help now than in the past.
可以看出這類題目最突出的就是now 和in the past這種表示時間的詞
細致劃分又有四類常考難點題目：
1、應(yīng)不應(yīng)該題
這類題目在題目中一般都會含有should一詞，或者含有“應(yīng)該做”或“不應(yīng)該做”的意思，問你如此做應(yīng)不應(yīng)該。考生要根據(jù)這些“應(yīng)該”和“不應(yīng)該”來寫作文章。
例如這個題目就是應(yīng)不應(yīng)該題：
Do you agree or disagree with following statement: all school teachers should be required to take courses every five years to update their knowledge.
2、絕對題
這類題目中常常會帶有絕對的語氣詞，例如only，must，always等;通常這類命題的題目比較明確且語氣比較強烈，就是來問你同不同意這種說法，按照這個思路去構(gòu)思文章。
下面這個題目就是托福獨立寫作絕對題：
Do you agree or disagree with following statement: only movies that can teach us something about real life are worth.
3、現(xiàn)象證明題
在這一類托福獨立寫作題目中，主要是在討論一個現(xiàn)在可能存在的或者是將來可能會發(fā)生的現(xiàn)象，問你這個現(xiàn)象有沒有或者是會不會出現(xiàn)，考生按照這個思路去拓展寫作文章。
例如下面這個題目就是一個現(xiàn)象證明題：
Do you agree or disagree with following statement: in modern times, grandparents cannot give their grandchildren useful advice because the world of today are too different than it was in the past.
4、比較題
這類題目在考試中也是比較常見的，題目中會含有2個或者3個選項來讓你選擇。這些選擇當中可能是不同事物的橫向?qū)Ρ?，也有可能是同一事物的縱向?qū)Ρ龋蛘呤墙裣Ρ?，這種情況出現(xiàn)的較多。如果出現(xiàn)這類題目時可能會同應(yīng)不應(yīng)該題或者是現(xiàn)象證明題進行混搭，這樣效果會更好一些。
例如下面的題目就是比較題型：
Do you agree or disagree with following statement: nowadays advertisements are more honest than they were in the past.
托福寫作快速構(gòu)思的技巧
一推薦五段三點式文章結(jié)構(gòu)
即Introduction一段，Body三段，和Conclusion一段。一般第一段會用2-4句話陳述自己的觀點，大約60字左右。第二到四段從三個方面論述自己的觀點，每段約100字。結(jié)尾段用1-3句話總結(jié)自己的觀點，大約40個字。那么如何具體規(guī)劃每一個段落呢?
開頭段主要用以下幾種方法來組織，即背景法 (Background)，爭議法(Controversy)，提問法(Question)，故事法(Story)和引言法(Quotation)。以背景法為例，背景法一般會提出一種普遍的或值得關(guān)注的現(xiàn)象作為背景，或者是由遠到近、由大到小地談?wù)摼o扣論題的社會觀點作為背景。
背景法開頭段的結(jié)構(gòu)通常是：背景(1-3句)+論題+反方觀點+(反方理由)+過度+(正方觀點)+作者的觀點+作者的理由。
以2007年8月11日的獨立寫作試題為例：Technology makes people's lives more complicated. 題目涉及到了現(xiàn)今社會比較熱門的話題——科技。這樣，我們就可以以這種社會比較關(guān)注的現(xiàn)象作為我們作文的開頭背景。因此這個題目的首段就可以這樣開始：Technology has had tremendous impacts on every aspect of modern life. However, people are having conflicting opinions about whether it has made people's lives more complicated or not. I believe technology has by and large made our lives more convenient。第一句話就緊貼社會的背景，這樣寫不但很容易打開考生自己的思路，抓住作文的焦點，還能引起考官的共鳴。
中間段落的文章結(jié)構(gòu)通常如下：Transitional words + topic sentence + development。如果考生在平時能熟練運用這樣的一個結(jié)構(gòu)來展開作文，那么考場上就會憑借這份思維定勢來幫助自己抓住每一分。
中間三個段落都可以套用這種模式。Transitional words主要有以下三種，即表順序：firstly, secondly, finally (last but not least);表并列：besides, in addition;表對比：in contrast, in comparison。這些銜接詞會讓文章看起來脈絡(luò)清晰，組織嚴密，也就做到了評分標準中的"well-organized"一條。
二重視主題句
主題句，顧名思義，向考官展示的是考生作文的主要意旨所以它在中間段落中的作用是至關(guān)重要的。通常主題句應(yīng)該注意以下幾點：
1.主題句必須是陳述句。有的考生想在寫作中創(chuàng)新，于是采用反問句或者其他看似多樣化的句型，然而這種多樣性帶來的后果是給考官觀點不明確的印象，很自然地會影響到分數(shù)。
2.必須標明觀點。如果考生把一句無關(guān)痛癢的話放在主題句的位置上，很顯然無法表明自身觀點。比如像“今天是晴天”這樣的話沒有表明觀點;然而“今天是個好天氣”就包含一種感情色彩在里面，給人一種立場明確的感覺?？忌鷳?yīng)該切記：沒有反駁余地的就不可以作為主題句。
3.態(tài)度必須堅決，但是不能極端。
4.每段必須有主題句。理論上講沒有主題句是可以的，但是考場上不可以，沒有主題就會浪費考官的時間去幫你總結(jié)主題，然而繁忙的考官是不會那么善良地去分析你的題目來抓取你的觀點的。
托福寫作詞匯each VS every
一.Each
1. each + singular
Each is a determiner. We use it before a singular noun.
each + singular noun
Each new day is different. (NOT Each new days…)
I enjoy each moment.
The same determiners are “every, either and neither”
真題例句:http://bbs.taisha.org/viewthread ... ge=1&highlight=
2. each of
We use each of before a pronoun or a determiner (for example the, my, these). The pronoun or noun is plural.
each of us/you/them
each of + determiner + plural noun
Each of us sees the world differently.
I write to each of my children once a week.
3. each in mid-position
When each refers to the subject, it can go with a verb in mid-position, like all, both and some adverbs. In this case plural nouns, pronouns and verbs are used.
auxiliary verb + each
are/were + each
They have each been told.
We can each apply for our own membership card.
You are each right in a different way.
each + other verb
We each think the same.
The plans each have certain advantages and disadvantages.
4.position with object
Each can follow an object (direct or indirect) as part of a longer structure.
I want them each to be happy.
She kissed them each on the forehead.
I bought the girls each an ice-cream.
She sent them each a present.
(BUT NOT I helped them each OR I wrote to them each.)
5.one each etc
Each can follow a noun object in sentences that say how much/many of something each person gets.
They got , 000 each when their mother died.
I bought the girls two ice-creams each.
A similar structure is used in giving prices.
They cost .50 each.
6. each without a noun
We can drop a noun and use each alone, if the noun has already been mentioned, but each one or each of them is more common in an informal style. Note that a following verb is normally singular.
I’ve got five brothers, and each (one/of them) is quite different from the others.
7.pronouns
When a pronoun or possessive is used later in a clause to refer back to each + noun/pronoun, the later word can be singular (more formal) or plural (less formal)
Each girl wore what she liked best. (more formal)
Each student wore what they liked best. (less formal, “they” is wrong in ETS’s eyes.)
Each of them explained it in his/her/their own way. (“their” is wrong in ETS’s eyes)
二.Each and every: the difference
1.Each with two or more; every with three or more
Each and every are both normally used with singular nouns. Each can be used to talk about two or more people or things; every is normally used to talk about three or more.
The business makes less money each/every year. (NOT….each/every years.)
She had a child holding on to each hand. (NOT…every hand.)
Note Every (which is normally used with singular nouns) can be used before plural expressions in measurements of frequency. For example: every two years, every tree steps.
I go to Hong Kong every six weeks.
2. difference of meaning
In many cases, both each and every can be used without much difference of meaning.
You look more beautiful each/every time I see you.
But we prefer each when we are thinking of people or things separately, one at a time. And every is more common when are thinking of people or things together, in a group. (Every is closer to all.) Compare:
Each person in turn went to see the doctor.
He gave every patient the same medicine.
We do not use each with words and expressions like almost, practically, nearly or without exception, which stress the idea of a whole group.
She’s lost nearly every friend she had. (NOT…nearly each friend…)
0208-36: Almost (every) the hereditary (material) of (an individual) organism resides (in the) chromosomes.
The correct answer is: every -----> all.
It\'s for sure that “every” is wrong in the sentence, but if “every” ------> "each of", “ almost each of the…” is still wrong.
三. Each other and one another
1.no difference
In modern English, most people normally use each other and one another in the same way. Perhaps one another is preferred (like one) when we are making very general statements, and not talking about particular people. Compare:
They sat for two hours without talking to each other/one another.
The translation of ‘se parler’ is ‘to talk to one another’. (More natural than…to talk to each other.)
2.each other’s / one another’s
Both expressions have possessive forms.
They’ll sit for hours looking into each other’s / one another’s eyes.
3.–selves and each other/one another
Note the difference between –selves and each other/one another. Compare:
They talk to themselves a lot. (Each of them talks to himself/herself.)
They talk to each other a lot. (Each talks to the other.)
4. words used without each other
Note that we do not usually use each other after meet, marry and similar.
They met in 2001.
They married in 2001.
Their interests are very similar.
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