托福閱讀中地理學的常識問題
閱讀中涉及地理學知識的時候，往往不會向太專業(yè)的方向靠攏，因此事先準備一下。了解一些地理常識還是很有必要的。一起來看看吧!
托福閱讀中地理學的常識問題
1.地理現(xiàn)象、土壤構成、降雪降雨等自然現(xiàn)象，地表地貌的腐蝕及風化，等等。
2.冰川(glacier)、形成(foundation)原因、 移動冰川(surge glacier )
3.地球構成：地心構成
M計劃、DSDP(deep sea drill project )計劃、地震波探測
地殼(crust)
地幔(mantle ) upper mantle; lower mantle
地核(core)
4.板塊構成學說
converge 碰撞;spread 張裂
mantle plume 地粒 、熱點;a dive into b; slide past each other
對這些關鍵詞，至少要混個臉熟，這樣才不至于再看見文章的時候，發(fā)現(xiàn)一堆自己沒見過的詞匯攔路，影響做題時的心態(tài)和理解。
托福閱讀地理學核心詞匯梳理
托福閱讀核心詞匯(地理學專業(yè)詞匯)
1. geography 地理26. coastland 沿海地區(qū)
2. geographer 地理學家27. island 島嶼
3. hemisphere 半球28. continental island 大陸島
4.meridian 子午線，經線29. volcanic island 火山島
5. parallel 平行圈，緯線30. coral island 珊瑚島
6. latitude 經度31. islet 小島
7. longitude 精度32. peninsular 半島
8. elevation 海拔33. continent 大陸
9. altitude 高度34. continental shelf 大陸架
10. temperate latitudes 溫帶地區(qū)35. ranges 山脈
11. horizon 地平線36. valley 峽谷
12. equator 赤道37. canyon 峽谷
13. tropics 熱帶地區(qū)38. channel (strait) 海峽
14. Arctic 北極39. remote-sensing 遙感的
15. Antarctic(Antarctica) 南極40. terrestrial 地球的，陸地的
16. expedition 探險41. terrestrial heat (geothermal) 地熱
17. time zone 時區(qū)42. terrestrial magnetism (geomagnetism) 地磁
18. topography 地形，地形學43. continental drift 大陸漂移學說
19. plain 平原44. sea-floor spreading 海床擴展
20. plateau (highland) 高地45. evaporation 蒸發(fā)
21. lowland 低地46. salinity 含鹽度
22. basin 盆地47. ocean bottom 海床
托福閱讀材料：你真的了解痛苦嗎
23. cavern (cave) 洞穴48. sediment 沉淀物，沉積物
24. terrain 地域49. tropical 熱帶的
25. subterranean ( underground) 地底下50. temperate 溫帶的
What is pain? Pain is a reminder. It reminds us our mistakes. Pain is an alarm of upcoming beautiful days.
什么是痛?痛提醒著我們。它讓我們記得過去犯下的錯。同時，痛也預示著即將到來的美好。
There are two types of pain in the world.
世界上有兩種痛。
First is physical pain like tooth ache, body ache, back pain, neck pain etc. and second is heart pain.
第一種是生理上的，像牙痛，身上痛，背痛，脖子痛等等，第二種是心痛。
This pain has not any medicine yet. This pain only reduced by bearing it. Rumi says "The cure for pain is in the pain."
心痛是無法通過藥物治愈的，只能通過忍受它而得以減輕。
When we forget God and run after world and pain enters into our life because all the worldly things are painful.
當我們忘記上帝遁入凡塵，痛就走進了我們的生命，因為所有世俗的東西都是痛苦的。
Pain is the only one thing which brings us close to God.
痛是唯一的讓我們接近上帝的東西。
In pain we never remember mom or dad or any friend. We just look at the sky and start praying.
在痛苦中我們不會想到爸爸媽媽或者任何朋友。我們只會注視天空并開始祈禱。
God is the only one who understands us and support us throughout the bad time. Every relation in the world remains because of some selfishness and our relation with God is only remains because of love.
上帝是唯一理解我們，支持我們度過艱難時光的人。世界上任何關系的維系都依靠某些個人利益，而我們和上帝的關系卻只靠愛來維系。
Pain changes your life. It will increase your conscience.
痛苦會改變你的人生。它會讓你滿懷善意。
For the first time when you face the pain you feel like going mad.
第一次面對痛苦的時候你像瘋了一樣。
You cry a lot, try a lot and after that you will pray and now you are on the right path.
你大哭，努力改變，然后你開始祈禱，于是你找到了正確的解決方式。
Everything created by God is for our benefits so do as with pain. Pain is necessary. It opens our heart and mind. It makes balance in our life.
上帝創(chuàng)造的一切都是為了我們好，痛也不例外。痛苦是必要的。它讓我們打開心扉。讓我們的生命得到平衡。
Pain plays an important part in our life.
痛在我們生命中占據很重要的地位。
Nobody can escape from it even all the angles, God and Goddesses of different religion who came into this world had to bear pain.
沒有人能逃脫痛苦，即使是天使，上帝甚至來自各個領域的眾神。只要來到這個世界就要經受痛苦。
When we are in pain we try hard to get rid of it and here pain shows us the right path.
當我們經受痛苦時，我們會努力地擺脫它，這時痛苦會為我們指明道路。
We become very conscious about our Karma which we always forget in our good time.
我們變得特別在意順境中被我們忘記的因果。
Rumi says "These pains you feel are messengers. Listen to them." Some painful situations continuously happen until we learn a lesson from them and every time it changes us.
拉米說：“這些你經歷的痛苦都是訊號，你要聆聽它們?！庇行┩纯嘁恢卑殡S我們，直到我們從中吸取教訓，每次我們都會被痛苦改變。
Karma. Our karma tells us about our situations. At which directions we are going.
因果。我們的因果告訴我們當下的境況。我們將去向何方。
What we give is what we get.
我們給予什么，就會得到什么。
We should learn to spread happiness if we want happiness in our life.
如果我們想要生活得幸福，我們就要學會傳遞幸福。
One should learn to watch their action because our actions become our karma and our karma leads us to happiness or sorrow.
一個人應該學會注意他的行為，因為我們的行為會變成我們的因果，而因果決定了我們幸福還是悲傷。
The best lesson pain teaches us to feel others pain as well.
痛苦給我們最好的教訓就是讓我們學會感受他人的痛苦。
Pain teaches us how to pray for ourself and for others.
痛教會我們如果為自己，也為他人祈禱。
If you want to escape from your future pains then start spreading happiness into others because pain is a result of our bad deeds. No good deeds give pain. Think about yours actions and ask yourself that what your actions is giving to others.
如果你想避免日后的痛苦就從現(xiàn)在開始把幸福傳播給他人吧，因為痛苦都是我們作惡的結果。行善從不會帶來痛苦。反省一下你的行為，問問自己，你的行為會帶給他人什么。
When we love someone whole heartedly we tend to give and give and give without expectations.
當我們全心全意愛著他人，我們會孜孜不倦地付出，不求任何回報。
And when we full of thankful to God then we are so happy and everything becomes so easy.
當我們十分感激上帝的時候，我們會感到特別幸福，一切都變得順利起來。
Gratitude is the best way to get rid of your pain. Gratitude solves so many problems.
感恩是擺脫痛苦最好的方式。感恩可以解決許多問題。
Gratitude gives us stress free happy life and I am sure like me you all also want stress free happy life.
感恩帶給我們極其自由的，幸福的生活，而且我相信你們大家也和我一樣，期待一種極其自由的，幸福的生活。
When I read on that time I thought to share this with you guys. So let a practice it and have happy life.
每當我回想那段時光，我都想要把這
一切分享給你們。所以把這些道理付諸行動，去擁有幸福的人生。
托福閱讀材料：可穿戴鍵盤
The Apple Watch and Google Glass are some of the most widely known wearable devices, but the ways users can interact with these “smart” gadgets are limited. For instance, it would be pretty difficult to type a message out on the face of a watch. And forget even trying with a pair of smart glasses. But now, researchers have developed wearable keyboards made of electronics knitted together like fabric that could lead to a new kind of human-machine interface.
蘋果手表和谷歌眼鏡是最廣為人知的可穿戴設備， 但用戶與這些“智能”物件的互動方式卻有限。例如，在智能手表表盤輸入文字信息相當困難, 更甭想在智能眼鏡上嘗試輸入信息了。但如今，研究人員已經研發(fā)出電子元件織成的面料般的可穿戴鍵盤，這種鍵盤可提供一種全新的人機互動界面。
Right now, the key way that people interact with computers is by using the keyboard, researchers say. However, creating wearable keyboards for wearable electronics is a challenging task—such keyboards have to be large to fit enough keys to be useful, and must be flexible and stretchable to follow the movements of the human body.
研究人員說，目前，人與電腦互動的主要方式是使用鍵盤。然而，為可穿戴電子產品創(chuàng)建可穿戴式鍵盤很有挑戰(zhàn)性——這種鍵盤要想實用，必須很寬大，能容納足夠多的按鍵，并且必須具備適應人體運動的靈活性和延展性。
In the past three years or so, researchers have tried to make electronics more wearable by making them like clothing—for instance, by knitting wires together into fabrics. These electronic textiles can get stretched up to the limit where the fibers are straightened. Such technology “provides a simple way to interact with machines,” said Esma Ismailova, a polymer science engineer at the National School of Mines in Gardanne, France, and co-author of a new study describing the new keyboards.
過去三年左右的時間里，研究人員嘗試讓電子器件更有可穿戴性，比如，把金屬絲織入面料。這種電子織物具有和布料纖維一樣的彈性。該技術“提供了一個與機器互動的簡便方式”。法國加爾達納國家礦山學院的高分子科學工程師、新鍵盤研究報告的合作者埃斯瑪·伊斯邁洛娃說道。
The researchers started with polyester fabric. They stenciled the outline for an electronic circuit onto the fabric using an electrically insulating silicon rubber called PDMS. Then, they brush-painted an electrically conductive plastic called PEDOT：PSS onto the outline to fill it out. Finally, they coated this electronic circuit with more PDMS.
起初，研究人員從聚酯織物開始著手研究，他們用一種叫做PDMS 的電子絕緣硅膠將電路輪廓模印在織物上;隨后，他們又把一種叫做PEDOT：PSS的導電塑料刷填在輪廓槽中并且填滿;最后，涂抹更多的PDMS將電路覆蓋。
The scientists used electrodes to connect this circuit to a computer. Square and rectangular patches of the circuit served as the keys of a keyboard. Pressing down on these patches generated easily detectable electrical signals.
科學家們用電極將電路連接到電腦上。這些方形和矩形的電路貼片就成了鍵盤的按鍵。按下這些貼片時，電路就產生容易檢測到的電子信號。
The prototype keyboard can be worn on a sleeve and has 11 keys, representing the numbers 0 to 9 as well as an asterisk. The researchers noted that this fabric could be stretched by up to 30 percent and that after 1,000 cycles of stretching and relaxation, the fabric stayed about 90 percent as electrically conducting as it did at the start.
這種原型鍵盤可以戴在衣袖上，有11個按鍵，代表數字0至9以及一個星號。研究人員指出，這種織物的拉伸幅度可達30%，經過1000 次反復拉伸和舒張后，織物仍然保持初始導電性能的90%。
“A wearable keyboard would provide a more intuitive interface for tactile input than the touch-sensitive face of a smartwatch or the hand gestures that control devices such as the Google Glass,” Ismailova told LiveScience[1].
“相比智能手表的觸摸感應表盤或是如操控谷歌眼鏡的手勢而言，可穿戴鍵盤將會提供一個更直觀的觸覺輸入界面。”伊斯邁洛娃告訴LiveScience網站說。
The researchers suggested that textile keyboards could be woven not only into clothing, but also into furniture, wallpaper and other surfaces. Such technology “promises to enrich our daily lives with smart accessories and to change the way we interact with computers,” Ismailova said.
研究人員稱，這種紡織鍵盤不僅能夠織進衣物，還能夠織進家具、壁紙及其他物體的表面。伊斯邁洛娃說，這種技術“有望以智能附件來豐富我們的日常生活，改變我們與電腦互動的方式?！?/p>
“One could envision, for example, using such a keyboard to control their smartphone, activity-tracking device or, down the road[2], an implantable medical device,” Ismailova said. “It is a rather straightforward technology, so I would expect some applications in less than five years. Applications in biomedical—for example, textile electrodes for monitoring the heart—might take a bit longer due to regulations.”
“比如，人們可以想象，用這樣一個鍵盤控制他們的智能手機、活動跟蹤裝置，甚至在不久的將來，用它來控制植入式醫(yī)療器件?！币了惯~洛娃說，“這是一個相當簡單的技術，所以我期望在五年之內能夠實現(xiàn)一些應用。但是，受限于各種法規(guī)，在生物醫(yī)學方面的應用，例如，用織物電極來監(jiān)視心臟，可能需要更長時間?！?/p>
托福閱讀中地理學的常識問題相關文章：
★ 托福閱讀高分錦囊
★ 文學地理常識大全
托福閱讀中地理學的常識問題
下一篇：托福閱讀文章的話題分類
