全面解析托福閱讀中動(dòng)名詞的5種用法
托福閱讀是托?？荚囍蟹浅Ｖ匾捻?xiàng)目，也是考生有很大機(jī)會(huì)取得高分的項(xiàng)目。下面為大家?guī)?lái)全面解析托福閱讀中動(dòng)名詞的5種用法一文，希望對(duì)大家托福備考有所幫助。更多精彩敬請(qǐng)關(guān)注學(xué)習(xí)啦 !
全面解析托福閱讀中動(dòng)名詞的5種用法
1. 動(dòng)名詞的否定式 not+動(dòng)名詞
2. 動(dòng)名詞的完成式
完成式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。
He was praised for having done a good deed.
3. 動(dòng)詞+介詞構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)，其后跟動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)
be/get used to
feel like
insist on
devote…to…
put off
look forward to
succeed in
get down to
set about
give up
4. 可置于名詞前作定語(yǔ)，表示被修飾的名詞的用途和性能
a waiting car
a waiting room
a sleeping boy
a sleeping bag
5. 動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
形容詞性的物主代詞/名詞所有格+動(dòng)名詞構(gòu)=動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
在句子中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等。物主代詞和名詞所有格是動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)。
Do you mind my/me smoking here?
I insisted on my husband/husband’s paying the bill.
1)在口語(yǔ)和非正式英語(yǔ)中，這種結(jié)構(gòu)不用在句首，常用人稱代詞賓格代替物主代詞，用名詞普通格代指所有格。如:
There are many reasons for animals dying out.
2)如果動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句首，就必須用形容詞性的物主代詞或名詞所有格。如：
His smoking caused the fire in the forest.
3)there be的動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)為there being如：
What’s the chance of there being a rain tomorrow?
托福閱讀材料：埃及艷后傳記
After Caesar's assassination in 44 BC, she aligned with Mark Antony in opposition to Caesar's legal heir, Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (later known as Augustus). With Antony, she bore the twins Cleopatra Selene II and Alexander Helios, and another son, Ptolemy Philadelphus (her unions with her brothers had produced no children). After losing the Battle of Actium to Octavian's forces, Antony committed suicide. Cleopatra followed suit. According to tradition, she killed herself by means of an asp bite on August 12, 30 BC. She was outlived by Caesarion, who was declared pharaoh by his supporters, but soon killed on Octavian's orders. Egypt then became the Roman province of Aegyptus.
在凱撒于公元前44年被謀殺之后，埃及艷后克里奧帕特拉與馬克·安東尼(Mark Antony)聯(lián)合起來(lái)對(duì)抗凱撒的法定繼承人——蓋烏斯·尤利烏斯·凱撒·屋大維(Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus，他后來(lái)被稱作奧古斯都，Augustus)。她與安東尼誕下了三個(gè)孩子：雙胞胎姐弟—克里奧帕特拉·賽勒涅二世(Cleopatra Selene II )和亞歷山大·赫利俄斯(Alexander Helios)，以及幼子托勒密·菲拉德爾福斯(Ptolemy Philadelphus)。在此之前，克里奧帕特拉與她的兄弟們的結(jié)合并沒(méi)有留下子嗣。在亞克興戰(zhàn)役(Battle of Actium)中敗給屋大維之后，安東尼選擇了自殺，克里奧帕特拉也如此效仿。根據(jù)傳統(tǒng)的記載，埃及艷后在公元前30年八月十二日引毒蛇將自己咬死。在她死后，其子凱撒里昂(Caesarion)被支持者擁戴為法老，但他也很快被屋大維下令處死。從此，埃及變?yōu)榱肆_馬的埃及行省(拉丁文寫作Aegyptus)。
Relationship with Julius Caesar
Eager to take advantage of Julius Caesar's anger toward Ptolemy, Cleopatra had herself secretly smuggled into his palace to meet with Caesar. Plutarch, in his Life of Julius Caesar gives a vivid description of how she entered past Ptolemy’s guards rolled up in a carpet that Apollodorus the Sicilian was carrying. She became Caesar’s mistress and nine months after their first meeting, in 47 BC, Cleopatra gave birth to their son, Ptolemy Caesar, nicknamed Caesarion, which means "little Caesar."
埃及艷后克里奧帕特拉想要利用凱撒對(duì)托勒密的憤怒，便設(shè)法秘密潛入凱撒的住處與他見面。普魯塔克(Plutarch，羅馬帝國(guó)時(shí)期的希臘歷史學(xué)家)在他的凱撒傳記中生動(dòng)地描述了這一過(guò)程：她將自己裹在毯子里，由西西里的阿波羅多魯斯(Apollodorus the Sicilian)扛進(jìn)凱撒的住處，以此躲過(guò)托勒密的衛(wèi)兵的眼睛。她成為了凱撒的情婦，并且在兩人第一次見面的九個(gè)月之后，公元前47年，產(chǎn)下了他們的兒子—托勒密·凱撒(Ptolemy Caesar,)。他綽號(hào)凱撒里昂，意思是”小凱撒“。
At this point, Caesar abandoned his plans to annex Egypt, instead backing Cleopatra's claim to the throne. After Mithridates raised the siege of Alexandria, Caesar defeated Ptolemy's army at the Battle of the Nile; Ptolemy XIII drowned in the Nile and Caesar restored Cleopatra to her throne, with another younger brother Ptolemy XIV as her new co-ruler. When Caesar left Egypt he stationed a Roman occupying army of three legions there under the command of Rufio.
凱撒放棄了兼并埃及的計(jì)劃，轉(zhuǎn)而支持克里奧帕特拉取得王位。在米特里達(dá)梯(Mithridates)開始圍攻亞歷山大之后，凱撒在尼羅河戰(zhàn)役中擊敗了托勒密的軍隊(duì)。托勒密十三世溺死在尼羅河中，而凱撒幫助克里奧帕特拉重奪王位，并且立她的另一個(gè)弟弟托勒密十四世(Ptolemy XIV)為她的新共治者。凱撒離開埃及時(shí)留下了一支三個(gè)軍團(tuán)組成的羅馬軍隊(duì)，交給魯菲奧(Rufio)指揮。
Although Cleopatra was 21 years old when they met and Caesar was 52, they became lovers during Caesar’s stay in Egypt between 48 BC and 47 BC. Cleopatra claimed Caesar was the father of her son and wished him to name the boy his heir, but Caesar refused, choosing his grandnephew Octavian instead.
凱撒于公元前48年和47年在埃及逗留期間，盡管克里奧帕特拉當(dāng)時(shí)僅有21歲而凱撒已經(jīng)有52歲，他們還是成為了戀人。克里奧帕特拉聲稱凱撒是他兒子的生父，并且希望凱撒指定他們的孩子作為繼承人。然而凱撒拒絕了她的要求，并將自己的甥孫屋大維(Octavian)立為繼承人。
Cleopatra, Ptolemy XIV and Caesarion visited Rome in the summer of 46 BC. The Egyptian queen resided in one of Caesar's country houses, which included the Horti Caesaris just outside Rome (as a foreign head of state she was not allowed inside Rome's pomerium). The relationship between Cleopatra and Caesar was obvious to the Roman people and caused a scandal because the Roman dictator was already married to Calpurnia Pisonis. But Caesar even erected a golden statue of Cleopatra represented as Isisin the temple of Venus Genetrix (the mythical ancestress of Caesar's family), which was situated at the Forum Julium. The Roman orator Cicero said in his preserved letters that he hated the foreign queen. Cleopatra and her entourage were still in Rome when Caesar was assassinated on 15 March 44 BC., returning with her relatives to Egypt. When Ptolemy XIV died – allegedly poisoned by his older sister – Cleopatra made Caesarion her co-regent and successor and gave him the epithets Theos Philopator Philometor (= Father- and mother-loving God).
克里奧帕特拉、托勒密十四世和凱撒里昂于公元前46年夏天訪問(wèn)了羅馬。埃及艷后下他在凱撒在鄉(xiāng)下的莊園中，包括羅馬近郊的凱撒莊園(拉丁文Horti Caesaris。作為外國(guó)元首，克里奧帕特拉不可以進(jìn)入羅馬的城市邊界，拉丁文pomerium)。凱撒和克里奧帕特拉之間的關(guān)系，對(duì)于羅馬人民來(lái)說(shuō)是顯而易見的事情。這成了一樁丑聞，因?yàn)榱_馬獨(dú)裁者已經(jīng)和卡普尼亞·皮索尼斯。凱撒甚至在位于尤利烏斯廣場(chǎng)(Forum Julium)專門供奉自己的家族神話祖先母親維納斯(Venus Genetrix)的神廟中立起了一座克里奧帕特拉的黃金塑像。羅馬著名演說(shuō)家西塞羅(Cicero)甚至在自己的私人信件中直接表達(dá)了他對(duì)這位外國(guó)女王的怨恨。凱撒在公元前44年三月十五日被刺殺時(shí)，克里奧帕特拉和克里奧帕特拉和她的隨行人員正準(zhǔn)備從羅馬返回埃及。在托勒密十四世死后(他有可能正是被自己的姐姐克里奧帕特拉毒殺的)，她將凱撒里昂立為自己的共治者和繼承人，并賜予他愛父親愛母親的神這個(gè)稱號(hào)(希臘語(yǔ)是Theos Philopator Philometor)。
托福閱讀材料：如何成為人見人愛的同事
Leadership and dedication to your job might improve your favour in the eyes of your boss but won't win you friends among your peers.
有領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力、盡心工作，這是老板眼中的加分項(xiàng)，卻不會(huì)讓你在同事當(dāng)中多幾個(gè)朋友。
Colleagues appreciate social sensitivities more than professional skills in their co-workers, a new study has found.
最新調(diào)查顯示，與專業(yè)技能相比，同事更欣賞那些社交敏感度高的人。
Being effective – or the ability to deliver results and not let your teammates down – was voted the most crucial trait in a colleague, attracting 37pc of votes, according to a survey of around 2,000 UK adults.
根據(jù)一項(xiàng)針對(duì)近兩千位英國(guó)成年人開展的調(diào)查，工作有成效，或者說(shuō)是工作有成果，不讓你的團(tuán)隊(duì)成員失望，是同事最看中的品質(zhì)，支持率為37%。
Three in 10 respondents highlighted optimism and enthusiasm as the most important quality in a workmate, prioritising someone who would be able to keep team spirits high during stressful times.
三成受訪者認(rèn)為，同事具有樂(lè)觀和熱情的品質(zhì)最重要，在工作緊張時(shí)，能讓團(tuán)隊(duì)士氣保持高漲的同事最受歡迎。
The next most popular feature was trustworthiness, which was deemed to be more relevant to the making of a good colleague than taking the initiative, being knowledgeable and having organisation skills.
第二大最受歡迎的品質(zhì)是可靠性，與積極主動(dòng)、知識(shí)淵博和有組織能力相比，受訪者認(rèn)為值得信賴的同事更是個(gè)好同事。
Lurking at the lower end of the hierarchy were traits that might be more commonly associated with the workplace, such as leadership and dedication.
排在末位的是一些與工作相關(guān)度更高的品質(zhì)，比如領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力和敬業(yè)精神。
"What is interesting from this research is that British workers really are quite focussed – they rated effectiveness the number-one most important trait in their ideal colleague," said Declan Byrne, managing director at One4all Rewards.
“有趣的是，英國(guó)的員工對(duì)工作真的很用心，他們認(rèn)為理想同事最重要的品質(zhì)是工作有成效”，One4all Rewards公司總經(jīng)理德克蘭-伯恩說(shuō)。
"But it’s not all results focussed. British workers also hugely value having colleagues who can act as a bit of a friend – keeping everyone’s spirits up, as well as sharing secrets and worries."
“但也不全以工作結(jié)果為導(dǎo)向。英國(guó)員工也對(duì)那些有點(diǎn)兒像朋友的同事評(píng)價(jià)很高，能讓所有人精神煥發(fā)，還能和同事分享秘密與擔(dān)憂。”
How to be the most loved colleague at work：
如何成為人見人愛的同事：
Be effective and deliver results (37pc)
工作有成效，富有成果(37%)
Be optimistic and enthusiastic (31pc)
樂(lè)觀、熱情(31%)
Be trustworthy enough to keep secrets or listen to worries (30pc)
在保密方面足夠守信，或能傾聽別人的擔(dān)憂(30)
Display initiative (27pc)
富有主動(dòng)性(27%)
Be knowledgeable about what you do (25pc)
對(duì)于你在做什么很有見解(25%)
Meet deadlines and be organised (24pc)
能按時(shí)完成工作，井然有序(24%)
Be empathetic enough to offer a shoulder to cry on (18pc)
有同情心，能給別人慰藉(18%)
Show leadership (13pc)
有領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力(13%)
Be dedicated – arrive early and stay late (11pc)
敬業(yè)—早到晚走(11%)
托福閱讀背景資料之茶和咖啡
Countless arguments have been waged over the superiority of one beverage over the other. But what does the scientific evidence say?
關(guān)于這兩種飲料孰優(yōu)孰劣的問(wèn)題已經(jīng)引發(fā)了無(wú)數(shù)爭(zhēng)論。但是科學(xué)證據(jù)是怎樣的呢?
George Orwell may have written that “tea is one of the mainstays of civilization in this country” – but even we British have to acknowledge that our national drink is facing stiff competition from the espressos, cAPpuccinos, and lattes invading our shores.
喬治·奧威爾或許寫過(guò)“茶是這個(gè)國(guó)家文明的一個(gè)支柱”這樣的句子——但我們英國(guó)人也要承認(rèn)，隨著濃咖啡、卡布奇諾和拿鐵侵入國(guó)門，我們的全民飲料正面臨著激烈的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。
Despite the dangers of wading into such a charged argument, BBC Future decided to weigh up the relative merits of each drink. There’s no accounting for taste, of course, but we have combed the scientific literature for their real, measurable effects on our body and mind.
盡管探討這個(gè)敏感話題充滿風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，“BBC未來(lái)”欄目還是決定對(duì)每種飲品的相對(duì)優(yōu)點(diǎn)進(jìn)行評(píng)估。當(dāng)然，百人百味，但通過(guò)精心梳理科學(xué)文獻(xiàn)，我們找出了它們對(duì)人體和大腦真實(shí)的、可測(cè)量的影響。
The wake-up call
醒腦劑
For many, the caffeine kick is the primary reason we choose either beverage; it’s the oil to our engines when we’re still feeling a bit creaky in the morning. Based purely on its composition, coffee should win hands down: a cup of tea has about half the dose (40 milligrams) of the stimulant caffeine that you would find in a standard cup of brewed filter coffee (80 to 115 milligrams). Yet this doesn’t necessarily reflect the jolt of the wake-up call.
對(duì)許多人來(lái)說(shuō)，咖啡因的興奮作用是我們選擇這兩種飲料的主要原因;在睡眼惺忪的清晨，咖啡因就像石油一樣，給我們身體的引擎以能量。只考慮成分的話，咖啡可以輕松獲勝：一杯茶的咖啡因含量(40毫克)大約只有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)杯過(guò)濾咖啡(80至115毫克)的一半。然而，這并非反映了它們的醒腦作用。
Dosing subjects with either tea or coffee, one study found that both beverages left subjects feeling similarly alert later in the morning.
通過(guò)讓被試者飲用一定量的茶或咖啡，一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，這兩種飲料都能讓受試者在早晨晚些時(shí)候感到同樣清醒。
Verdict: Against logic, tea seems to provide just as powerful a wake-up call as coffee. It’s a draw.
結(jié)論：雖然邏輯上講不通，但茶跟咖啡的醒腦作用似乎不相上下。平局。
Sleep quality
睡眠質(zhì)量
The biggest differences between coffee and tea may emerge once your head hits the pillow.
咖啡和茶之間最大的差異或許將集中體現(xiàn)在睡眠上。
Comparing people drinking the same volume of tea or coffee over a single day, researchers at the University of Surrey in the UK confirmed that although both drinks lend similar benefits to your attention during the day, coffee drinkers tend to find it harder to drop off at night – perhaps because the higher caffeine content finally catches up with you.
通過(guò)對(duì)比研究每天飲用等量的茶或咖啡的人，英國(guó)薩里大學(xué)的研究人員證實(shí)，盡管兩種飲料在白天對(duì)注意力集中的作用差不多，但或許是因?yàn)榭Х壤锏目Х纫蚝扛?，喝咖啡的人晚上更難入睡。
Tea drinkers, in contrast, had longer and more restful slumbers.
相比之下，喝茶的人睡得更久更香。
Verdict: Tea offers many of the benefits of coffee, without the sleepless nights – a clear win.
結(jié)論：茶不僅擁有咖啡的許多好處，還不會(huì)帶來(lái)不眠之夜——完勝
Tooth staining
牙齒變黃
Along with red wine, coffee and tea are both known to turn our pearly whites a murky yellow and brown. But which is worse?
眾所周知，紅酒、咖啡和茶都會(huì)把潔白的牙齒慢慢染成暗黃色或棕褐色。但哪個(gè)最糟糕?
Most dentists seem to agree that tea’s natural pigments are more likely to adhere to dental enamel than coffee’s – particularly if you use a mouthwash containing the common antiseptic chlorhexidine, which seems to attract and bind to the microscopic particles.
大多數(shù)牙醫(yī)似乎一致認(rèn)為，茶中的天然色素比咖啡的更易附著于牙釉質(zhì)之上——尤其當(dāng)你使用常見的洗必泰漱口水時(shí)，其中的消毒洗必泰能吸引并聚合微觀粒子。
Verdict: If you want a perfect smile, coffee may be the lesser of two evils.
結(jié)論：如果你想展現(xiàn)完美笑容，兩害相權(quán)取其輕，咖啡也許還好一點(diǎn)。
A balm for troubled souls…
不安靈魂的慰藉……
In England, it’s common to give “tea and sympathy” to a distressed friend – the idea being that a cup of Earl Grey is medicine for troubled minds. In fact, there is some evidence that tea can soothe your nerves: regular tea drinkers do tend to show a calmer physiological response to unsettling situations (such as public speaking), compared to people drinking herbal infusions. Overall, people who drink three cups a day appear to have a 37% lower risk of depression than those who do not drink tea.
英國(guó)人喜歡給煩惱苦悶的朋友送去“茶與同情”——這是由于他們認(rèn)為伯爵茶能夠治愈不安的靈魂。事實(shí)上，有證據(jù)表明，茶可以舒緩神經(jīng)：與喝中草藥的人相比，經(jīng)常飲茶者在處理一些令人不安的情況(如公開演講)時(shí)確實(shí)表現(xiàn)得更為鎮(zhèn)靜?？偟膩?lái)說(shuō)，每天喝三杯茶的人比不喝茶的人罹患抑郁癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)要低37%。
Coffee doesn’t have the same reputation; indeed, some report that it makes them feel like their nerves are jangling. Yet there is some evidence that it too may protect against long-term mental health problems. A recent “meta-analysis” (summarising the results of studies involving more than 300,000 participants) found that each cup of coffee a day seems to reduce your risk of developing depression by around 8%. In contrast, other beverages (such as sweetened soft drinks) only increase your risk of developing mental health problems.
咖啡并沒(méi)有這種功效;事實(shí)上，有些人覺得咖啡會(huì)讓人有些神經(jīng)錯(cuò)亂。但是也有證據(jù)表明，咖啡能預(yù)防長(zhǎng)期精神問(wèn)題。最近的一項(xiàng)“薈萃分析”(總結(jié)了超過(guò)30萬(wàn)名參與者的研究結(jié)果)發(fā)現(xiàn)，每天一杯咖啡的人患抑郁癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比常人要低大約8%。相比之下，其他飲料(如甜味軟飲)只會(huì)增加患精神疾病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
Verdict: Based on this limited evidence, it’s a draw.
結(jié)論：基于有限的證據(jù)，平局。
…and a balm for bodies……
身體的萬(wàn)金油
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Similarly tantalising, though preliminary, epidemiological studies have suggested that both coffee and tea offer many other health-giving benefits. A few cups of either beverage a day appears to reduce your risk of diabetes, for instance.
流行病學(xué)研究雖然才剛剛起步，但也很吸睛。該領(lǐng)域研究表明，咖啡和茶都對(duì)身體還有其它益處。例如，每天喝幾杯會(huì)降低患糖尿病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
Both drinks also seem to moderately protect the heart, although the evidence seems to be slightly stronger for coffee, while tea also appears to be slightly protective against developing a range of cancers – perhaps because of its antioxidants.
飲用這兩種飲料能對(duì)心臟起到一定的保護(hù)作用，盡管證據(jù)顯示似乎咖啡的功效更強(qiáng)，但許是因?yàn)椴柚械目寡趸瘎?，茶?duì)預(yù)防癌癥也有些許功效。
Verdict: Another draw – both drinks are a surprising, health-giving elixir.
結(jié)論：還是平局——這兩種飲料都是神奇的、有益健康的靈丹妙藥。
Overall verdict: Much as we Brits would have liked tea to come out the clear victor, we have to admit there is little between the two drinks besides personal taste. Based solely on the fact that it allows you to get a better night’s sleep, we declare tea the winner.
總結(jié)：大部分英國(guó)人都會(huì)覺得茶很明顯更勝一籌。但除了個(gè)人口味，必須承認(rèn)的是兩者的差異并不大。僅僅基于能讓人好眠這一點(diǎn)，茶無(wú)疑是贏家。
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