分分鐘搞定托福閱讀之段落主要內(nèi)容
托福閱讀只了解篇章結(jié)構(gòu)是不能解決所有問題的，因為很多問題是需要在每個段落的具體內(nèi)容中找到，所以今天我們就來說說說文章段落的結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)律，話不多說，咱們直接進入主題。
分分鐘搞定托福閱讀之段落主要內(nèi)容
段落結(jié)構(gòu)的規(guī)律是“TS+D”
TS:即topic sentence 主旨句，表達段落的主旨。
D:即detail 細節(jié)，為了說明段落主旨，所羅列的相關(guān)支持內(nèi)容。
主旨句一般在段落的開頭或結(jié)尾句群(也就是前1-2句或者是倒數(shù)1-2句);細節(jié)又可以由explanation/elaboration/example/evaluation等組成，當(dāng)然每個段落不一定這四項都有，或許只有example，或許是explanation+example，也或許是elaboration+example等等。同時在讀每個段落的細節(jié)部分的時候，需要注意一些標(biāo)志詞，比如：first, second, third...，on the one hand...on the other hand...,some...others...
接下來，我們一起在文章中看看這一規(guī)律的可靠性吧。
還是以TPO21-1 Geothermal Energy為例，我們在上次篇章結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)上，把段落主要內(nèi)容補充完整。
TPO21-1 Geothermal Energy原文
【1】Earth's internal heat, fueled by radioactivity, provides the energy for plate tectonics andcontinental drift, mountain building, andearthquakes. It can also be harnessed to drive electricgenerators and heat homes. Geothermal energy becomes available in a practical form whenunderground heat is transferred by water that is heated as it passes through a subsurface regionof hot rocks (a heat reservoir) that may be hundreds or thousands of feet deep. The water isusually naturally occurring groundwater that seeps down along fractures in the rock; lesstypically, the water is artificially introduced by being pumped down from the surface. The water isbrought to the surface, as a liquid or steam, through holes drilled for the purpose.
第一段：介紹地?zé)崮埽遣⒘械恼撟C段落。
1.地?zé)崮艿膩碓醇皯?yīng)用(注意第2句的also)
2.地?zé)崮鼙焕玫倪^程
【2】By far the most abundant form of geothermal energy occurs at the relatively lowtemperatures of 80° to 180° centigrade. Water circulated through heat reservoirs in thistemperature range is able to extract enough heat to warm residential, commercial, andindustrial spaces. More than 20,000 apartments in France are now heated by warm undergroundwater drawn from a heat reservoir in a geologic structure near Paris called the Paris Basin. Iceland sits on a volcanic structure known as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Reykjavik, the capital ofIceland, is entirely heated by geothermal energy derived from volcanic heat.
【3】Geothermal reservoirs with temperatures above 180° centigrade are useful for generatingelectricity. They occur primarily in regions of recent volcanic activity as hot, dry rock; naturalhot water; or natural steam. The latter two sources are limited to those few areas where surfacewater seeps down through underground faults or fractures to reach deep rocks heated by therecent activity of molten rock material. The world's largest supply of natural steam occurs atThe Geysers, 120 kilometers north of San Francisco, California. In the 1990s enough electricity tomeet about half the needs of San Francisco was being generated there. This facility was then inits third decade of production and was beginning to show signs of decline, perhaps because ofover development. By the late 1990s some 70 geothermal electric-generating plants were inoperation in California, Utah, Nevada, and Hawaii, generating enough power to supply about amillion people. Eighteen countries now generate electricity using geothermal heat.
第二、三段：地?zé)崮艿睦?/p>
第二段：地?zé)崮苡糜谌∨?
1.最豐富的地?zé)崮苄问浇橛?0到180攝氏度(引出新的論述點)。
2.在此溫度范圍內(nèi)的熱儲內(nèi)循環(huán)的水可以用于取暖。
3.列舉如何利用地?zé)崮?討論范圍的縮小-暗示舉例)
第三段：地?zé)崮苡糜诎l(fā)電
1.溫度高于180攝氏度的地?zé)醿瘜涌捎脕戆l(fā)電(引出新的論述點)。
2.這類地?zé)醿瘜铀诘闹饕貐^(qū)及三種主要形式。
3.就最后一種形式進行舉例并說明其問題(概念由抽象到具體-舉例)。
4.地?zé)崮馨l(fā)電應(yīng)用范圍依然很廣。
【4】Extracting heat from very hot, dry rocks presents a more difficult problem: the rocks mustbe fractured to permit the circulation of water, and the water must be provided artificially. Therocks are fractured by water pumped down at very high pressures. Experiments are under wayto develop technologies for exploiting this resource.
【5】Like most other energy sources, geothermal energy presents some environmentalproblems. The surface of the ground can sink if hot groundwater is withdrawn without beingreplaced. In addition, water heated geothermally can contain salts and toxic materialsdissolved from the hot rock. These waters present a disposal problem if they are not returnedto the ground from which they were removed.
第四、五段：地?zé)崮芩a(chǎn)生的問題
第四段：地?zé)崮艿拈_發(fā)所面臨的問題
1.一個更大的難題：巖石需要裂縫才能讓水流通，且水必須是人工提供的(引出新的論點)。
2.解決難題的方法：通過泵入高壓水可以將巖石斷裂;此實驗正在進行之中。
第五段：地?zé)崮艿拈_發(fā)所產(chǎn)生的環(huán)境問題
1.地?zé)崮芫哂幸恍┉h(huán)境問題(引出新的論點)。
2.如果抽取地下熱水而又不泵回，地表就會下沉。
3.地?zé)峒訜岬乃袕臒釒r中溶出的鹽分和有毒物質(zhì)，將會產(chǎn)生處理方面的問題。
(2.3都是對1的列舉論述)
【6】The contribution of geothermal energy to the world's energy future is difficult to estimate. Geothermal energy is in a sense not renewable, because in most cases the heat would be drawnout of a reservoir much more rapidly than it would be replaced by the very slow geologicalprocesses by which heat flows through solid rock into a heat reservoir. However, in many places (for example, California, Hawaii, the Philippines, Japan, Mexico, the rift valleys of Africa)theresource is potentially so large that its future will depend on the economics of production. Atpresent, we can make efficient use of only naturally occurring hot water or steam deposits. Although the potential is enormous, it is likely that in the near future geothermal energy canmake important local contributions only where the resource is close to the user and theeconomics are favorable, as they are in California, New Zealand, and Iceland. Geothermalenergy probably will not make large-scale contributions to the world energy budget until wellinto the twenty-first century, if ever.
第六段：地?zé)崮荛_發(fā)利用的前景
1.地?zé)崮軐κ澜缒茉次磥淼呢暙I是難以估量的。
2.地?zé)崮茉谀撤N意義上講是不可再生的，并解釋為何不可再生。
3.轉(zhuǎn)折說很多地區(qū)地?zé)崮軆α亢艽蟆?/p>
4.再轉(zhuǎn)折：利用地?zé)崮苄问接邢?，所以地?zé)崮苤荒茏龀鼍植控暙I。
5.做出預(yù)測：估計要到二十一世紀(jì)才能對世界的能源預(yù)算做出大的貢獻。
(2-5對1展開論述)
這樣的分析之后，你是否發(fā)現(xiàn)其實這篇文章是不是已經(jīng)完全被你拿下了?在分析段落主要內(nèi)容的過程中，哪怕有生詞難句，我們也都可以進行猜測，實現(xiàn)快速準(zhǔn)確的閱讀。不僅如此，這樣的分析，還可以幫你訓(xùn)練良好的寫作思路，你想想，在獨立寫作的主題論述段落，我們是不是完全可以模仿這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)，使你的作文取得高分啊!試著去用一下吧!
新托福閱讀背景知識：達達派
達達派(Dada)
第一次世界大戰(zhàn)后, 達達派(Dada)由瑞士向歐洲蔓延了出來. 當(dāng)時的環(huán)境是: 后期印象派(Post Impressionism)到了后期, 其他還有立體派, 表現(xiàn)派, 未來派等畫派在歐洲盤據(jù)地盤, 但每一個都逃不出達達派的批判. 因為達達派如表現(xiàn)派般厭惡戰(zhàn)爭而厭惡過去, 但程度上比未來派還要激進. 他們大膽的摧毀一切舊有的傳統(tǒng), 而采取無理性的表現(xiàn)方式. 達達派的表現(xiàn)方式著重在天然形成與自由涂寫. 他們喜歡用不同的材料用自然排列的方式成為一個新的藝術(shù). 例如, 把色紙剪成塊狀(有一點兒像野獸派大師馬蒂斯后期的表現(xiàn)方法)然后讓他們自由飄散在地上, 而取得靈感. 達達派的文學(xué)家把報紙的字母寫下, 然后抖動他們再依字母的自然排列成了一首新詩(這又有點像臺灣的乩童在上身后鬼畫符一番, 之后再由旁人解說). 所以達達派的創(chuàng)作是象征的且無定形的呈現(xiàn)(因為他們也不知道抖完后會成什么樣子). 我想達達派最大的成就, 應(yīng)該是讓當(dāng)時的人有完全逆向思考的機會. 大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后, 德國, 法國, 甚至隔海的美國都有不少人從事此風(fēng)格的創(chuàng)作.
新托福閱讀背景知識：超現(xiàn)實主義
超現(xiàn)實主義(Surrealism)
第一次世界大戰(zhàn)完畢后的幾年, 人們開始懷疑理性主義, 雖理性主義然使歐洲的文化, 政治達到頂峰但還是發(fā)生了恐怖一次大戰(zhàn). 雖然達達派(Dada)的藝術(shù)風(fēng)靡了當(dāng)時的歐洲畫壇. 但是把印了字的紙片灑在地上作詩, 似乎太過消極了. 超現(xiàn)實主義(Surrealism)這時開始萌芽了. 1924年, 超現(xiàn)實主義的創(chuàng)始人, 也是達達派的詩人與評論家-安德烈布爾頓發(fā)表了"超現(xiàn)實主義宣言"(The Surrealist Manifesto). 宣言中指出: 超現(xiàn)實主義是結(jié)合了意識的和無意識的精神領(lǐng)域在每天的現(xiàn)實生活中而完成世界的美夢與幻想. 簡單的說, 超現(xiàn)實主義不但重視人類意識的思考, 另外更重視下意識的范疇. 他們用科學(xué)的方法研究人在無意中畫出的圖畫, 信手寫出的字, 小孩或瘋子的圖畫, 結(jié)合心理學(xué)與精神病學(xué)的原理, 配合上人的夢境與幻想. 結(jié)論是: 美是在解放了的意識中那些不可思議的幻象與夢境. 所以超現(xiàn)實主義是一種超理性, 超意識的藝術(shù). 超現(xiàn)實主義的畫家不受理性主義的限制而憑本能及想象, 表現(xiàn)超現(xiàn)實的題材. 他們自由自在的生活在一種時空交錯的空間, 不受空間與時間的束縛, 表現(xiàn)出比現(xiàn)實世界更真實更有意義. 超現(xiàn)實主義首先在法國展開, 立即受西班牙畫家的歡迎, 很快普及到全世界. 而原本是單純的美術(shù)改革運動, 不久也影響到了文學(xué), 雕刻, 戲劇, 戲劇舞臺, 電影, 建筑等其它的應(yīng)用藝術(shù), 所以超現(xiàn)實主義可以說是影響全世界的新文藝運動. 但在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)時, 大量的藝術(shù)家遷往美國, 同時影響美國超現(xiàn)實主義的風(fēng)行. 1945年后"新具象"在藝術(shù)之都巴黎興起, 超現(xiàn)實主義才漸漸沒落
新托福閱讀背景知識：polymer gels
polymer gels一種聚合凝膠
The following information was part of our display for the SET96 and SET98 Scientific Power to the People Exhibition, The Galleries, Bristol, 20th and 21st March 1998.
A POLYMER is a very long molecule rather like a very long piece of string.
The borax joins two molecules together to make a large network - rather like flexible scaffolding. This is cross-linking.
This turns the fluid dissolved polymer into a GEL.
In oil wells water is pushed down to push oil up. If this breaks through to the production well bore, the well will just produce water. A solution is to block the rock pores with polymer gel to make the well produce oil again. These gels can be made from naturally occurring sugar-based polymers such as Guar and they can be cross-linked with Cobalt or Chromium.
Other everyday examples of polymer gels are to be found in non-drip emulsion paints, foods, car tires and agrochemicals.
The polymer that we are using is POLYVINYL ALCOHOL and we are joining the strands together with BORAX. This gel, when colored, is sold in toyshops as SLIME.
分分鐘搞定托福閱讀之段落主要內(nèi)容相關(guān)文章：
★ 托福閱讀拿分秘訣
★ 托福閱讀高分錦囊
分分鐘搞定托福閱讀之段落主要內(nèi)容
