【高分經(jīng)驗(yàn)】托福聽(tīng)力8種常見(jiàn)的開(kāi)頭方式
對(duì)于托福聽(tīng)力考試的講座部分和對(duì)話部分，只有了了解了托福聽(tīng)力的原則才能幫助考試快速定位聽(tīng)力的要點(diǎn)，從而在短時(shí)間內(nèi)，快速定位答案。下面就為大家詳細(xì)介紹一下托福聽(tīng)力的8種常見(jiàn)的開(kāi)頭方式。
【高分經(jīng)驗(yàn)】托福聽(tīng)力8種常見(jiàn)的開(kāi)頭方式
對(duì)于對(duì)話和講座的開(kāi)頭方式是不相同的，所以下面就分別介紹一下托福聽(tīng)力對(duì)話部分和講座部分的開(kāi)頭方式。
1、對(duì)話：學(xué)生和老師或者是工作人員的先后順序
1)學(xué)生先開(kāi)口說(shuō)：學(xué)生先開(kāi)口，就會(huì)陳述問(wèn)題的內(nèi)容，直接進(jìn)入主題;
2)學(xué)生未開(kāi)口，老師先說(shuō)一件事或一個(gè)問(wèn)題;
3)學(xué)生來(lái)交一個(gè)材料，老師提出另外的一些問(wèn)題;
4)學(xué)生和老師用了很短時(shí)間解決了一個(gè)學(xué)生問(wèn)題，學(xué)生又問(wèn)了另外的問(wèn)題。
2、講座：主要是教授或者老師針對(duì)一個(gè)話題展開(kāi)討論
1)課堂回顧式
例如：官方真題Official1-L3
OK,we've been talking about early agriculture in the near east. So let's concentrate on one site and see what we can learn from it.
OK.In the last class, we started talking about useful plant fibers...Today well continue talking about useful fibers, and we'll begin with a fiber that's commonly known as "Manila hemp."
大家可以注意到加粗部分的內(nèi)容，是針對(duì)課程或者課堂內(nèi)容的回顧。課堂回顧是我們聽(tīng)重點(diǎn)的一個(gè)提示而已，我們要關(guān)注的是后邊的內(nèi)容，也就是“本堂課”要注意的內(nèi)容。
課堂回顧式常見(jiàn)關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)：
時(shí)態(tài)：一般過(guò)上時(shí)或者是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
關(guān)鍵詞：in the last class, today, now, talk about, but.
2)直入主題式
例如：官方真題Official18-L1
OK,today we are going to start a study of sunspot today
Ok,now I want to talk about an animal that has a fascinating set of defense mechanisms.
直入主題的開(kāi)頭方式，需要考生集中精力聽(tīng)講座的內(nèi)容，不要錯(cuò)過(guò)聽(tīng)力的有效信息。
直入主題式常見(jiàn)關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)：
時(shí)態(tài)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或者將來(lái)時(shí)
直入主題式常見(jiàn)關(guān)鍵詞：now, want to talk about,
3)背景引入式
例如：OG-test 2-L4
We've been looking at colossal statues—works of exceptionally huge size—and their essentially public role, in commemorating a political or religious figure. How some of these statues date back thousands of years... like the statues of the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt—which you can still visit today... and how others, though surviving only in legend, have fired the imagination of writers and artists right up to our own time, such as the Colossus of Rhodes, that 110-foot statue of the Greek god Helios. Remember, this same word, "colossus”一 which means a giant or larger-than-life-size statue—is what today’s term "colossal” derives from. Now, it was one thing to build such statues, at an equally colossal cost, when the funds were being allocated by ancient kings and pharaohs. But if we're going to think about modern-day colossal statues, we need to reexamine more closely their role as social and political symbols—in order to understand why a society today—a society of free, tax-paying citizens—would agree to allocate so much of its resources to erecting them.
背景引入式的開(kāi)頭方式，是聽(tīng)力講座，尤其是學(xué)術(shù)類講座的一個(gè)重要特點(diǎn)。為了引出講座的主題，教授會(huì)在一開(kāi)始的時(shí)候，先將一下相關(guān)的背景，循序漸進(jìn)地帶入。
背景引入式常見(jiàn)關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)：
時(shí)態(tài)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或者過(guò)去式
4)寒暄離題式
例如：官方真題Official2-Lecture2
Hi,everyone. Good to see you all today. Actually, I expected the population to be a lot lower today. It typically runs between 50 and 60 percent on the day the research paper is due. Um, I was hoping to have your exams back today, but, uh, the situation was that I went away for the weekend, and I was supposed to get in yesterday at five, and I expected to fully complete all the exams by midnight or so, which is the time that I usually go to bed, but my flight was delayed, and I ended up not getting in until one o'clock in the morning. Anyway, I," do my best to hove them finished by the next time we meet.
寒暄離題式的開(kāi)頭方式比較符合中國(guó)的傳統(tǒng)文化，先是客套一番，然后才進(jìn)入課程的主要內(nèi)容或者是表達(dá)作者的觀點(diǎn)。在遇到這類問(wèn)題的時(shí)候，一定要注意分別是寒暄部分，還是課程的內(nèi)容部分。
托福聽(tīng)力首尾段規(guī)律分析
1. 首部規(guī)律
說(shuō)話者表達(dá)主旨或談話的目的的語(yǔ)句往往出現(xiàn)在開(kāi)頭的幾句話，是把握全局的重點(diǎn)。
信號(hào)詞：
(建議考生每天要把所有的信號(hào)詞讀個(gè)幾遍，強(qiáng)迫自己聽(tīng)到這個(gè)詞馬上反應(yīng)過(guò)來(lái)這里有考點(diǎn))
Today, we’ll focus on/constrated/discuss….
Today, our topic is…
Let’s…
特殊情況(也經(jīng)常出現(xiàn))：開(kāi)頭會(huì)將講一些上次課講的東西，作為復(fù)習(xí)，之后才是主旨，我們把這種情況稱為：Miss start
注意：出現(xiàn)Miss Start，上次課講的東西一定要聽(tīng)，在這部分很可能出細(xì)節(jié)題。
Miss Start 信號(hào)詞：Before we get started, let’s review what we’ve learned last class…
Let’s pick up where we left off last week, OK, as you recall(記得)…
Before we begin our discussion on…(此處為本次主題)，Let’s review what we know about…(此處為上次主題)
間接開(kāi)頭： In your text book, the author says that… (主題出現(xiàn))，I thought we all to/should take sometime to talk about it. (不一定完全一樣，但是類型差不多)
2.尾部規(guī)律
托福聽(tīng)力的結(jié)尾部分往往出現(xiàn)一些總結(jié)性信息以及其他一些涉及考點(diǎn)的內(nèi)容，應(yīng)充分重視。
信號(hào)詞：
To some up
To conclude/in conclusion
In summary/to summarize
Finally
Therefore
From this, we can see that…
總之，托福聽(tīng)力首尾段會(huì)有一些總結(jié)性提示詞、信號(hào)詞等，大家可以在平時(shí)的托福聽(tīng)力備考中練習(xí)一下對(duì)這些信號(hào)詞的敏感度，總結(jié)托福聽(tīng)力技巧。量變引起質(zhì)變，一段時(shí)間后，托福聽(tīng)力會(huì)有很大的提升。
語(yǔ)音語(yǔ)調(diào)對(duì)托福聽(tīng)力的影響
例如：一個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子：When will these picture be ready? 在書(shū)面上一般只能理解為單純的疑問(wèn)句。在聽(tīng)力中它由于可以有不同的語(yǔ)調(diào)，從而可以表達(dá)完全不同的多個(gè)意思：
1，通常語(yǔ)調(diào)可以表達(dá)單純的疑問(wèn)含義——即字面意思;
2，特殊語(yǔ)調(diào)之一可表達(dá)責(zé)備的含義：洗照片用的時(shí)間太長(zhǎng)了;
3，特殊語(yǔ)調(diào)之二可表達(dá)不以為然的含義：你不必?fù)?dān)心時(shí)間的問(wèn)題;
4，特殊語(yǔ)調(diào)之三可表示反問(wèn)的含義：你沒(méi)有資格誤碼我這種問(wèn)題;
5，特殊語(yǔ)調(diào)之四可表達(dá)某種否定的含義：照片永遠(yuǎn)都不會(huì)洗好了;等等。
聽(tīng)懂語(yǔ)調(diào)對(duì)提高托福聽(tīng)力成績(jī)有很大幫助。因?yàn)闀?shū)面語(yǔ)言努力通過(guò)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)等手段來(lái)彌補(bǔ)自己的不足，但是在聽(tīng)力中就可以通過(guò)語(yǔ)調(diào)來(lái)表達(dá)不同的感情和含義，所以大家在聽(tīng)力一定要重視語(yǔ)調(diào)。
如何記錄托福聽(tīng)力的筆記話題
1、確定記錄內(nèi)核心話題
托福聽(tīng)力正式開(kāi)始之前會(huì)有一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)短的內(nèi)容介紹，之后屏幕上會(huì)出現(xiàn)一些和聽(tīng)力內(nèi)容相關(guān)的，這些可以幫助我們確定下面所要聽(tīng)部分的核心話題。例如， listen to a conversation between a professor and student in a professor and student.
從這個(gè)介紹我們可以知道下面對(duì)話內(nèi)容的場(chǎng)景：biology class，結(jié)下來(lái)會(huì)出現(xiàn)一個(gè)圖片，里面文字為：Friends of the Earth, Biology class.后面還會(huì)出現(xiàn)一個(gè)對(duì)話內(nèi)容的圖片。通過(guò)這些文字和圖片，我們可以推斷這個(gè)對(duì)話的主題為與人類地球有關(guān)的一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)，這樣機(jī)構(gòu)主要會(huì)負(fù)責(zé)環(huán)保事宜。確定主題可以讓考生懸著的新慢慢落地。后面的長(zhǎng)對(duì)話給出的文字和圖片提示與對(duì)話類似。
2、記錄細(xì)節(jié)
確定核心話題之后，我們需要做的就是記錄與其相關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)，主要的細(xì)節(jié)為what , when, where , who , why和 how等。注意記錄對(duì)話和演講中信息引導(dǎo)詞和信息引導(dǎo)句后面的信息，例如， First ..., let's look at the ..., Now, Let's move on to ..., in the nest part of lecture ,I ‘d like to talk about ....
3、具體的記錄方法
1)主要記錄實(shí)詞：名詞，動(dòng)詞，形容詞。這次詞語(yǔ)所包含的信息量大，也是重讀和重復(fù)的核心詞匯。
2)采用簡(jiǎn)寫、符號(hào)和縮寫的速記法方法記錄，例如：Q.=question，ltd.=limited, +=and/plus , ?=question ，/=or。此外，還可以用一些其它只有自己熟悉的速記符號(hào)來(lái)記錄重要信息。
【高分經(jīng)驗(yàn)】托福聽(tīng)力8種常見(jiàn)的開(kāi)頭方式相關(guān)文章：
【高分經(jīng)驗(yàn)】托福聽(tīng)力8種常見(jiàn)的開(kāi)頭方式
