TPO是我們常用的托福?？脊ぞ?，對(duì)我們的備考很有價(jià)值，下面小編給大家?guī)?lái)托福閱讀TPO25(試題+答案+譯文)第1篇:The surface of Mars。

托福閱讀原文

【1】The surface of Mars shows a wide range of geologic features, including huge volcanoes-the largest known in the solar system-and extensive impact cratering. Three very large volcanoes are found on the Tharsis bulge, an enormous geologic area near Mars’s equator. Northwest of Tharsis is the largest volcano of all: Olympus Mons, with a height of 25 kilometers and measuring some 700 kilometers in diameter at its base. The three large volcanoes on the Tharsis bulge are a little smaller-a “mere” 18 kilometers high.

【2】None of these volcanoes was formed as a result of collisions between plates of the Martian crust-there is no plate motion on Mars. Instead, they are shield volcanoes — volcanoes with broad, sloping slides formed by molten rock. All four show distinctive lava channels and other flow features similar to those found on shield volcanoes on Earth. Images of the Martian surface reveal many hundreds of volcanoes. Most of the largest volcanoes are associated with the Tharsis bulge, but many smaller ones are found in the northern plains.

【3】The great height of Martian volcanoes is a direct consequence of the planet’s low surface gravity. As lava flows and spreads to form a shield volcano, the volcano’s eventual height depends on the new mountain’s ability to support its own weight. The lower the gravity, the lesser the weight and the greater the height of the mountain. It is no accident that Maxwell Mons on Venus and the Hawaiian shield volcanoes on Earth rise to about the same height (about 10 kilometers) above their respective bases-Earth and Venus have similar surface gravity. Mars’s surface gravity is only 40 percent that of Earth, so volcanoes rise roughly 2.5 times as high. Are the Martian shield volcanoes still active? Scientists have no direct evidence for recent or ongoing eruptions, but if these volcanoes were active as recently as 100 million years ago (an estimate of the time of last eruption based on the extent of impact cratering on their slopes), some of them may still be at least intermittently active. Millions of years, though, may pass between eruptions.

【4】Another prominent feature of Mars’s surface is cratering. The Mariner spacecraft found that the surface of Mars, as well as that of its two moons, is pitted with impact craters formed by meteoroids falling in from space. As on our Moon, the smaller craters are often filled with surface matter-mostly dust-confirming that Mars is a dry desert world. However, Martian craters get filled in considerably faster than their lunar counterparts. On the Moon, ancient craters less than 100 meters across (corresponding to depths of about 20 meters) have been obliterated, primarily by meteoritic erosion. On Mars, there are relatively few craters less than 5 kilometers in diameter. The Martian atmosphere is an efficient erosive agent, with Martian winds transporting dust from place to place and erasing surface features much faster than meteoritic impacts alone can obliterate them.

【5】As on the Moon, the extent of large impact cratering (i.e. craters too big to have been filled in by erosion since they were formed) serves as an age indicator for the Martian surface. Age estimates ranging from four billion years for Mars’s southern highlands to a few hundred million years in the youngest volcanic areas were obtained in this way.

【6】The detailed appearance of Martian impact craters provides an important piece of information about conditions just below the planet’s surface. Martian craters are surrounded by ejecta (debris formed as a result of an impact) that looks quite different from its lunar counterparts. A comparison of the Copernicus crater on the Moon with the (fairly typical) crater Yuty on Mars demonstrates the differences. The ejecta surrounding the lunar crater is just what one would expect from an explosion ejecting a large volume of dust, soil, and boulders. However, the ejecta on Mars gives the distinct impression of a liquid that has splashed or flowed out of crater. Geologists think that this fluidized ejecta crater indicates that a layer of permafrost, or water ice, lies just a few meters under the surface. Explosive impacts heated and liquefied the ice, resulting in the fluid appearance of the ejecta.

托福閱讀試題

1.The word “enormous”(paragraph 1)in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.important

B.extremely large

C.highly unusual

D.active

2.According to paragraph 1, Olympus Mons differs from volcanoes on the Tharsis bulge in that Olympus Mons

A.has more complex geologic features

B.shows less impact cratering

C.is taller

D.was formed at a later time

3.The word “distinctive”(paragraph 1)in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.deep.

B.complex.

C.characteristic.

D.ancient.

4.According to paragraphs 1 and 2, which of the following is NOT true of the shield volcanoes on the Tharsis bulge?

A.They have broad, sloping sides.

B.They are smaller than the largest volcano on Mars.

C.They have channels that resemble the lava channels of volcanoes on Earth.

D.They are over 25 kilometers tall.

5.The word “roughly” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.typically.

B.frequently.

C.actually.

D.approximately.

6.In paragraph 3, why does the author compare Maxwell Mons on Venus to the Hawaiian shield volcanoes on Earth?

A.To help explain the relationship between surface gravity and volcano height.

B.To explain why Mars’s surface gravity is only 40 percent of Earth’s.

C.To point out differences between the surface gravity of Earth and the surface gravity of Venus.

D.To argue that there are more similarities than differences between volcanoes on different planets.

7.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaningin important ways or leave out essential information.

A.Although direct evidence of recent eruptions is lacking, scientists believe that these volcanoes were active as recently as 100 million years ago.

B.Scientists estimate that volcanoes active more recently than 100 years ago will still have extensive impact cratering on their slopes.

C.If, as some evidence suggests, these volcanoes erupted as recently as 100 million years ago, they may continue to be intermittently active.

D.Although these volcanoes were active as recently as 100 million years ago, there is no direct evidence of recent or ongoing eruptions.

8.The word “considerably”(paragraph 3)in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.frequently.

B.significantly.

C.clearly.

D.surprisingly.

9.According to paragraph 4, what is demonstrated by the fact that cratersfill in much faster on Mars than on the Moon?

A.Erosion from meteoritic impacts takes place more quickly on Mars than on the Moon.

B.There is more dust on Mars than on the Moon.

C.The surface of Mars is a dry desert.

D.Wind is a powerful eroding force on Mars.

10.In paragraph 4, why does the author point out that Mars has few ancient craters that are less than 5 kilometers in diameter?

A.To explain why scientists believe that the surface matter filling Martian craters is mostly dust.

B.To explain why scientists believe that the impact craters on Mars were created by meteoroids.

C.To support the claim that the Martian atmosphere is an efficient erosive agent.

D.To argue that Mars experienced fewer ancient impacts than the Moon did.

11.According to paragraph 5, what have scientists been able to determinefrom studies of large impact cratering on Mars?

A.Some Martian volcanoes are much older than was once thought.

B.The age of Mars’s surface can vary from area to area.

C.Large impact craters are not reliable indicators of age in areas with high volcanic activity.

D.Some areas of the Martian surface appear to be older than they actually are.

12.According to paragraph 6, the ejecta of Mars’s crater Yuty differs fromthe ejecta of the Moon’s Copernicus crater in that the ejecta of the Yuty crater

A.Has now become part of a permafrost layer.

B.Contains a large volume of dust, soil and boulders.

C.Suggests that liquid once came out of the surface at the crater site.

D.Was thrown a comparatively long distance from the center of the crater.

13. Look at the four squares【■】that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage. This surface feature has led to speculation about what may lie under Mars’s surface.

The detailed appearance of Martian impact craters provides an important piece of information about conditions just below the planet’s surface. Martian craters are surrounded by ejecta (debris formed as a result of an impact) that looks quite different from its lunar counterparts. A comparison of the Copernicus crater on the Moon with the (fairly typical) crater Yuty on Mars demonstrates the differences. The ejecta surrounding the lunar crater is just what one would expect from an explosion ejecting a large volume of dust, soil, and boulders. ■【A】However, the ejecta on Mars gives the distinct impression of a liquid that has splashed or flowed out of crater. ■【B】Geologists think that this fluidized ejecta crater indicates that a layer of permafrost, or water ice, lies just a few meters under the surface. ■【C】Explosive impacts heated and liquefied the ice, resulting in the fluid appearance of the ejecta. ■【D】

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it. To review the passage, click VIEW NEXT.

Volcanoes and impact craters are major features of Martiangeology.

A.Plate motion on Mars, once considered to have played no role in shaping the planet’s surface, is now seen as being directly associated with the planet’s earliest volcanoes.

B.Mars has shield volcanoes, some of which are extremely tall because of the planet’s low surface gravity.

C.Although the erosive power of the Martian atmosphere ensures that Mars has fewer craters than the Moon does, impact craters are prominent on Mars’ s surface.

D.Scientists cannot yet reliably estimate the age of the Martian surface because there has been too much erosion of it.

E.Scientists have been surprised to discover that conditions just below the surface of Mars are very similar to conditions just below the surface of the Moon

F.Studies of crater ejecta have revealed the possibility of a layer of permafrost below the surface of Mars.

托福閱讀答案

1.enormous 巨大的，所以正確答案是B，extremely large。如果不認(rèn)識(shí)，將答案代入原文， 原文說(shuō)在T這個(gè)地方有三座非常大的火山，定語(yǔ)從句修飾說(shuō)T是個(gè)什么樣的地區(qū)，能容 下三座大火山的當(dāng)然是很大的地方。A重要、C不尋常和D活躍都不靠譜。

2.注意問(wèn)的是Olympus M，以這個(gè)詞做關(guān)鍵詞定位至第三句，講O是最大的，所以正確答案只能是C，比較高，如果不確定可以往下看到最后一句，說(shuō)三個(gè)大的跟O比起來(lái)要小點(diǎn)兒，也說(shuō)明O比較大，其他答案都沒(méi)說(shuō)。

3.distinctive 有特點(diǎn)的，不同的，所以正確答案是 characteristic，dis作為前綴，有分或者 否定之意，所以猜出 distinctive 有不同的意思，這道詞匯題代入原文不靠譜，因?yàn)閹讉€(gè)錯(cuò)誤答案帶進(jìn)去也說(shuō)得通，大家還是抓緊背單詞吧。

4.以A的 broad, sloping sides 做關(guān)鍵詞定位至第二段第二句的破折號(hào)后，正確，不選;B選項(xiàng)的 smaller 定位至第一段尾句，正確，不選;C的channel 定位至第二段第三句，正確，不選;D 的數(shù)字定位至第一段倒數(shù)第二句，但25說(shuō)的是O，而不是shield volcano， 所以D錯(cuò)，是答案。

5.roughly大概，所以正確答案是D的 approximately，代入原文，說(shuō)火星的 gravity 只有地球的 40%，因此火星上山的高度應(yīng)該大致是地球的 2.5倍，其他代入都說(shuō)不通。

6.以Maxwell為關(guān)鍵詞定位至第三段第四句，這句只是在比較，于是往前看，說(shuō)gravity越低，高度越高，所以作者進(jìn)行這個(gè)比較無(wú)外乎想證明這個(gè)結(jié)論，所以正確答案 A。C稍有迷惑性，但C的問(wèn)題在于沒(méi)有提及高度，只是單純說(shuō)不同 planet之間gravity的關(guān)系，錯(cuò)。

7.提出主干，沒(méi)有證據(jù)，但是如果 blabla，有些火山至少 intermittently活躍，完全重復(fù)這 個(gè)意思的只有C，A 后半句的比較錯(cuò)，那句話事實(shí)上是條件;B同樣因?yàn)楸容^排除;D強(qiáng)調(diào)的點(diǎn)與原文相反。

8.considerably相當(dāng)?shù)?，顯著地，程度大地，所以正確答案是 significantly，consider 做考 慮講大家都知道，也就是說(shuō)這個(gè)詞至少應(yīng)該被譯為值得考慮的，所以可以得出B， frequently 說(shuō)不通;clearly 只表示清楚，沒(méi)法表示程度;surprisingly 帶有主觀色彩，同樣不沾邊。

9.以craters fill in much faster on Mars than on the Moon 定位至最后一句，說(shuō)Martian atmosphere是erosive 的，風(fēng)搬運(yùn)塵土并擦掉撞擊留下的痕跡，所以正確答案是D。

10.跟9題是同一題，定位至倒數(shù)第二句后，發(fā)現(xiàn)整個(gè)句子是個(gè)例子，然后看前句，發(fā)現(xiàn)同樣是個(gè)例子，然后看后一句，就是第9題的那句話就可以找到答案 C 。

11.細(xì)節(jié)題，studies of large impact cratering on Mars 定位至首句，說(shuō)是age indicator，但遺憾的是，憑這句只能排除 C，所以這道題只能讀完這段，還好不長(zhǎng)，答案在第二句，說(shuō)南部和火山地區(qū)的不一樣，也就是B說(shuō)的不同地方age不同。

12.以Yuty做關(guān)鍵詞定位至三五兩句，第五句說(shuō)火星的是液體，所以正確答案是C，第四句說(shuō)月亮的ejecta是dust，soil and boulders，但問(wèn)題問(wèn)的是火星，所以答案不是B。

13.本來(lái)應(yīng)該找代詞 this surface feature 的，但這個(gè)詞太抽象，所以沒(méi)法定位，放棄;而且 Mar's surface 也不好，只能用動(dòng)詞變來(lái)的名詞 speculation 做過(guò)渡點(diǎn)，同義詞是原文的 think，所以正確答案非B即C，從邏輯上講，應(yīng)該先有導(dǎo)致 speculation，再有 speculation 是什么，所以正確答案是B不是C。

14.Plate motion 選項(xiàng)沒(méi)有原文與之對(duì)應(yīng)，盡管第二段提及了 plate motion，但跟選項(xiàng)說(shuō)的 根本不是 一回事兒，錯(cuò); Mars has 選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)原文第三段，正確 Although 選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)第四段首尾句，正確 Scientists cannot 選項(xiàng)與原文第五段信息相反，錯(cuò) Scientists have been 選項(xiàng)與原文最后一段信息相反，錯(cuò) ;Studies 選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)原文最后一段最后一部分，正確。

托福閱讀譯文

【1】火星表面展示了很多種地理特征，包括巨大的火山——太陽(yáng)系中已知的最大火山——以及覆蓋范圍很廣的隕石坑。在塔爾西斯隆起——火星赤道附近的廣闊地質(zhì)區(qū)域——發(fā)現(xiàn)了三座非常大的火山。位于塔爾西斯西北的奧林帕斯山是其中最大的一座火山：25千米高，測(cè)得其基部直徑大約有700千米。位于塔爾西斯隆起的三座大火山則略矮，高度“僅”達(dá)18千米。

【2】這些火山都不是因火星表面的板塊碰撞而形成的——火星上并無(wú)板塊運(yùn)動(dòng)。這些火山其實(shí)是盾狀火山——一種由熔巖形成的斜面寬闊并且坡度平緩的火山。上述4座火山都具有非常明顯的熔巖隧道以及其他流動(dòng)特征，這與地球上的盾狀火山相似。火星表面的圖像顯示那里存在成百上千的火山。那些最大的火山中的大部分都與塔爾西斯隆起有關(guān)，但是很多稍小的火山都分布在北部平原地區(qū)。

【3】火星上火山的可觀的高度是該行星(相對(duì))較低的地表重力導(dǎo)致的直接結(jié)果。當(dāng)熔巖流淌和蔓延以形成盾狀火山時(shí)，這座火山的最終高度取決于這座新生的山承載自身重量的能力。重力越低，重量就越小，山的高度就越高。如金星上的麥克斯韋山與地球上的夏威夷盾狀火山從它們各自的基部算起海拔高度相同(大約10千米高)就不是什么巧合——地球與金星的地表重力相當(dāng)?；鹦潜砻嬷亓χ挥械厍虻?0%，因此火星上的火山高度大致是地球的2.5倍?；鹦巧系亩軤罨鹕绞欠襁€處于活躍期?科學(xué)家們沒(méi)有直接證據(jù)顯示這些火山近期是否噴發(fā)過(guò)，或是否正處于噴發(fā)階段，但是如果這些火山近期的活躍狀態(tài)一如一千萬(wàn)年前那般(這一最近的爆發(fā)期是根據(jù)火山斜坡上隕石坑的范圍估算出來(lái)的)，它們當(dāng)中的幾個(gè)也許至少仍然會(huì)保持間歇性的活躍。然而，兩次爆發(fā)之間也許間隔數(shù)百萬(wàn)年之久。

【4】火星表面的另一個(gè)突出特征是隕石坑。水手計(jì)劃中的宇宙飛船發(fā)現(xiàn)在火星表面布滿來(lái)自太空的流星撞擊表面形成的隕石坑，火星的兩顆衛(wèi)星也是如此。與我們的月球類似，那些較小的隕石坑經(jīng)常被一些物質(zhì)填滿(主要是灰塵)，這表明火星是一個(gè)干燥的沙漠世界。然而，與月球相比，火星上的隕石坑被填滿的速度明顯要快很多。在月球上，那些直徑不足100米(對(duì)應(yīng)深度大約在20米)的古老隕石坑主要因流星沖擊而形成的塵埃的緣故而被填平了。而在火星上，只有相當(dāng)少的一部分隕石坑直徑小于5千米?；鹦谴髿馐且环N強(qiáng)效的腐蝕劑，加之火星上的風(fēng)把灰塵從一個(gè)地方卷到另一個(gè)地方，較之僅僅是因流星沖擊而形成的塵埃的作用，(火星上的)地表特征被消除得更快。

【5】與在我們的月球上相同，那些巨大隕石坑的范圍(例如，那些巨大到自形成后尚未被塵埃填滿的隕石坑)充當(dāng)著火星表面年齡指示器的角色。從火星南部高地的40億年至最年輕的火山地區(qū)的幾千萬(wàn)年都是用同樣的方法估算的。

【6】火星表面隕石坑的具體外貌為揭示該行星表面狀況提供了非常重要的信息?；鹦请E石坑周邊布滿了噴出物(因撞擊而形成的碎片)，這與月球上的隕石坑看起來(lái)非常不同。對(duì)比月球上的哥白尼隕石坑與火星上(相當(dāng)?shù)湫偷?尤蒂隕石坑可以看出不同。月球上隕石坑周邊的噴出物正如我們以為的那樣，一場(chǎng)爆炸噴出的大量的灰塵、土壤和巖石。然而，火星(上的隕石坑周邊的)噴出物則因飛濺而出或溢出的液體給人留下了深刻的印象。地質(zhì)學(xué)家認(rèn)為這種具有流體化噴出物的隕石坑指示了在火星地表下幾米處存在永凍土層或水冰。爆炸性的撞擊加熱并液化了這些冰，結(jié)果導(dǎo)致這些噴出物呈現(xiàn)流體狀的特征。

托福閱讀TPO25(試題+答案+譯文)第1篇:The surface of Mars相關(guān)文章：