11.8號托福閱讀真題答案解析
本文關(guān)于2017年11月18日閱讀真題回憶，有利于考生備考復(fù)習(xí)。讓我們回憶一下最近考試的內(nèi)容：環(huán)境類，生物類，詞匯題等，請考生們要認(rèn)真的閱讀哦，來學(xué)習(xí)啦 會(huì)給你不一樣的精彩內(nèi)容，學(xué)習(xí)啦會(huì)在考試后第一時(shí)間更新。
11.8號托福閱讀答案解析
閱讀部分考試回憶如下：
1. Preventing Overgrowth among Tree Branches
shedding剪枝的意義。一個(gè)是因?yàn)橛行渲ο牡舻奶嘉镔|(zhì)比生產(chǎn)的多，另一個(gè)原因是有時(shí)候氣候很干，剪枝減少水的消耗。
詞匯題補(bǔ)充：
exposed = unprotected
with no warning = without any indication beforehand
congestion = overcrowding
2. Crown of Thorns Starfish and Coral Reefs
冠狀棘海星，話題重復(fù)2011.01.08
珊瑚的消失和一種海星的數(shù)量猛增有關(guān)系，主要說的是導(dǎo)致猛增的原因(環(huán)境+人)
詞匯題補(bǔ)充：
outbreak = sudden increase
accompany = occur along with
converge = come together
severity = seriousness
原題重現(xiàn)：
The crown of thorns starfish, Acanthaster Tlanci, is large, twenty-five to thirty-five centimeters in diameter, and has seven to twenty-one arms that are covered in spines. It feeds primarily on coral and is found from the Indian Ocean to the west coast of Central America, usually at quite low population densities. Since the mid-1950s, population outbreaks at densities four to six times greater than normal have occurred at the same time in places such as Hawaii, Tahiti, Panama, and the Great Barrier Reef. The result has often been the loss of a fifty percent to nearly one hundred percent of the coral cover over large areas.
A single Acanthaster can consume five to six square meters of coral polyps per year, and dense populations can destroy up to six square kilometers per year and move on rapidly. Acanthasters show a preference for branching corals, especially Acroporids. After an outbreak in a particular area, it is common to find that Acroporids have been selectively removed, leaving a mosaic of living and dead corals. In places where Acroporids previously dominated the community devastation can be almost complete, and local areas of reefs have collapsed.
Areas of dead coral are usually colonized rapidly by algae and often are later colonized by sponges and soft corals. Increases in abundance of plant-eating fish and decreases in abundance of coral-feeding fish accompany these changes. Coral larvae settle among the algae and eventually establish flourishing coral colonies. In ten to fifteen years the reefs often return to about the same percentage of coral cover as before. Development of a four-species diversity takes about twenty years.
Two schools of thought exist concerning the cause of these outbreaks. One group holds that they are natural phenomena that have occurred many times in the past, citing old men's recollections of earlier outbreaks and evidence from traditional cultures. The other group maintains that recent human activities ranging from physical coral destruction through pollution to predator removal have triggered these events.
One theory, the adult aggregation hypothesis, maintains that most species is more abundant than we realize when a storm destroys coral and causes a food shortage. The adult Acanthasters converge on remaining portions of healthy coral and feed hungrily. Certainly there have been outbreaks of Acanthaster following large storms, but there is little evidence that the storms have caused the enough reef damage to create a food shortage for these starfish.
Two other hypotheses attempt to explain the increased abundance of Acanthaster after episodes of high terrestrial runoff following storms. The first hypothesis is that low salinity and high temperatures favor the survival of the starfish larvae. The second hypothesis emphasizes the food web aspect, suggesting that strong fresh water runoff brings additional nutrients to the coastal waters, stimulating phytoplankton production and promoting more rapid development and better survival of the starfish larvae.
Those favoring anthropogenic (human influenced) causes have pointed to the large proportion of outbreaks that have been near centers of human populations. It has been suggested that coral polyps are the main predators of the starfish larvae. Destruction of coral by blasting and other bad land use practices would reduce predation on the starfish larvae and cause a feedback in which increases in Acanthaster populations cause still further coral destruction. Unfortunately, there are too few documented instances of physical destruction of coral being followed by outbreaks of Acanthaster for these hypotheses to be fully supported.
Another group of hypothesis focuses on removal of Acanthaster's predators. Some have suggested that the predators might have been killed off by pollution whereas others have suggested that the harvesting of vertebrate and invertebrate predators of Acanthaster could have reduced mortality and caused increased abundance of adults. The problem with this group of hypothesis is that it is difficult to understand how reduced predation would lead to sudden increases in Acanthaster numbers in several places at the same time in specific years. It seems probable that there is no single explanation but that there are elements of the truth in several of the hypotheses. That is there are natural processes that have led to outbreaks in the past, but human impact has increased the frequency and severity of the outbreaks.
3.Dorset Culture
格林蘭島Dorset Culture的起源，首先是由于氣候變冷，一部分人遷走了，另一部分留下來的人創(chuàng)立了文明。這些人發(fā)明了工具來面對寒冷氣候，后來氣候變暖了，另一部落的人遷移過來消滅了這個(gè)文明。
詞匯題補(bǔ)充：
allowed for = made possible
harsh = severe
duration of sea ice = length of time the ice lasts
annihilated = destroyed
4.Changes in the Amount of Forest on the Great Plains
舊題重復(fù)：2015年9月25日文章
本篇屬于比較規(guī)律的一篇生物文章，從森林變化這種現(xiàn)象著手，進(jìn)而分析背后的原因; 建議大家多多了解相關(guān)的背景知識，比如 TPO 09：The Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii; TPO 25：The Evolutionary Origin of Plants，從這些文章中我們可以知道植物的產(chǎn)生和進(jìn)化原理，并且之后背后的原因。每種植物的生長和進(jìn)化套路相似，所以大家可以仔細(xì)分析一下這兩篇文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，總結(jié)類似的文章結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)律和出題特征。
文章內(nèi)容：最初被常綠林覆蓋的森林，由于氣候變得溫暖干燥，變成了落葉林，最后成了草地。在一些山脊之類的地方樹木比較占優(yōu)勢，一方面山頂氣候涼爽并且接收到更多的降水(precipitation)，另一方面，山脊是天然的防火地帶(natural firebreak)，但草原被燒毀后依舊能夠擁有“野火燒不盡”的勢頭 。然而在大平原地區(qū)，森林減少后，接下來又經(jīng)歷了逆襲，數(shù)量開始增多，具體的原因主要在于人類的活動(dòng)，隨著農(nóng)牧業(yè)的發(fā)展，草原數(shù)量逐漸減少，火災(zāi)頻率也隨之降低，所以，森林又得以回歸 。
詞匯題補(bǔ)充：
dense = thick
eased into = slowly entered
retain = keep
inevitable = certain
5.How Plants and Animals Arrived in the Hawaiian Islands
舊題重復(fù)：2014年12月27日文章
6. Early Modern Industrialization
舊題重復(fù)：2017年3月11日文章
詞匯題補(bǔ)充：
determinants = causes
hastened = rushed
diffusion = dispersal
perfected = completed
7. Birds and Food Shortage
舊題重復(fù)：2015年12月20日文章
文章內(nèi)容：
這篇是講鳥類儲存能量的。鳥類通過儲存食物或者脂肪來度過食物不充足的時(shí)期，但是這個(gè)只能緩解食物短缺，不能徹底解決這個(gè)問題。越小的鳥就越需要更多的能量來生長，儲存能量難度也更大，特別舉了一個(gè)例子是蜂鳥需要不停的進(jìn)食：大的鳥儲存能量多，并且不需要消耗太多能量去生長，所以儲存的能量可以撐很長時(shí)間，但是大鳥有時(shí)候需要儲存能量來遷徙或者繁殖。還說了有一些鳥會(huì)通過降低新陳代謝速率來減少能量消耗，類似于一種哺乳動(dòng)物冬眠的狀態(tài)，蜂鳥可能每天晚上都會(huì)這樣。
詞匯題補(bǔ)充：
duration of = length of
enables = allows
in some degree = to a certain extent
8. 古埃及金字塔那些法老，對各個(gè)法老的記錄來研究埃及歷史
9. 恐龍的討論
10. 北極圈的居民
11. 農(nóng)業(yè)變遷
12. 植物的自我保護(hù)機(jī)制
13. 昆蟲的一種群居行為
14. 密西根和埃及的鄉(xiāng)村建設(shè)，一個(gè)分布均勻，一個(gè)分布緊密
托福詞匯詞以類計(jì)之政治場景類
政治類Government
監(jiān)督 n. scrutiny
監(jiān)督 v. scrutinize/ monitor
為……撥款 allocate money to sth./ be a patron of/ invest in/ fund/ dedicate money to sth.
預(yù)算 n. budget
政府開支 the government spending/ expenditure on sth.
削減 v. curtail
增加 v. augment
廢除(法律、制度等) vt. abolish
實(shí)施 vt. implement
使……合法化 vt. legalize
首要任務(wù) n. priority
建立 vt. establish
減輕、緩解 vt. alleviate =ease =relieve
當(dāng)局 the authorities
禁止 vt. forbid/ prohibit
立法 n. legislation
稅收 tax revenue
民主的 adj. democratic
高效率的 adj. efficient
優(yōu)化資源分配 optimize the distribution of res-ources
穩(wěn)定 n. stability
解決 vt. Combat = tackle = resolve = address = grapple with
嚴(yán)厲的，嚴(yán)格的 adj. stringent
短視的 adj. short-sighted
支出，花費(fèi) n. expenditure
社會(huì)保險(xiǎn) social security
老百姓 n. citizens/ the citizenry
規(guī)范，管理 v. regulate/ monitor/ oversee
嚴(yán)禁 strictly prohibit/ ban altogether
嚴(yán)格的法律 stringent laws/ legislation
強(qiáng)制性的，按照法律或者規(guī)定必須做的 adj. mandatory/ compulsory
當(dāng)務(wù)之急 n. priority
失業(yè) n. unemployment/ joblessness
基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施 n. infrastructure
公共交通系統(tǒng) public transportation/ transit system
電網(wǎng) power grid
石油天然氣管線 pipelines
給排水系統(tǒng) water supply and drainage system
民主與開明的政府 a democratic and progressive government
臨時(shí)的應(yīng)急措施 a stopgap measure
把……當(dāng)作當(dāng)務(wù)之急 give priority to sth.
責(zé)任 n. duty/ responsibility/ obligation
軍備競賽 n. arms race
自衛(wèi) n. self-defense
國土安全 national security/ homeland security
缺乏遠(yuǎn)見的政策 short-sighted policy
擴(kuò)張 n. expansion/ aggression
謀求霸權(quán) seek/ pursue hegemony
惡性循環(huán) a vicious circle
地區(qū)不穩(wěn)定因素 destabilizing factors
規(guī)章制度 rules and regulations
太空競賽 space race
武器 n. arms/ weapons/ armaments
下崗工人 laid-off workers/ downsized workers
托福詞匯分類之醫(yī)生
1. medical specialist ?？漆t(yī)生
2. physician (internist) 內(nèi)科醫(yī)生
3. surgeon 外科醫(yī)生
4. paediatrician 兒科醫(yī)生
5. ophthalmologist 眼科醫(yī)生
6. pharmacist 藥劑師
7. general practitioner 全科醫(yī)師
8. clinician 臨床醫(yī)師
9. gynecologist 婦科醫(yī)生
10. plastic surgeon 整形外科醫(yī)生
11. dentist 牙醫(yī)
12. psychologist 心理醫(yī)生
13. therapist 理療師
14. cardiologist 心臟病科醫(yī)師
15. dermatologist 皮膚科醫(yī)生
16. podiatrist 足病醫(yī)生
17. allergist 過敏癥?？漆t(yī)生
18. obstetrician 產(chǎn)科醫(yī)生
19. ENT doctor 耳鼻喉科醫(yī)生
20. orthopedist 骨科醫(yī)生
21. veterinarian 獸醫(yī)
22. houseman 實(shí)習(xí)醫(yī)生
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