GRE閱讀與托福閱讀的區(qū)別聯(lián)系
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GRE閱讀與托福閱讀的區(qū)別聯(lián)系
都知道托福和GRE是ETS的同胞兄弟，不少考生都想一勞永逸，兩個(gè)考試一次性拿下。夢想很豐滿，現(xiàn)實(shí)卻骨干。兩個(gè)考試是完全不同的方向，托福側(cè)重語言能力(重點(diǎn)落在聽力)，而GRE則是赤裸裸能力考察(俗稱考智商)。這注定兩門考試的備考和考點(diǎn)是迥異的。
但也無須灰心，畢竟一母同胞，再怎么不同也是有類似點(diǎn)的。GRE的整體難度系數(shù)大概就是轉(zhuǎn)體三周半加托馬斯回旋，而托福不過是轉(zhuǎn)體一周而已，所以不少學(xué)生會先準(zhǔn)備GRE再準(zhǔn)備托福，閱讀，詞匯和作文的整體難度都會感覺小不少。
那么，先準(zhǔn)備托福，對于GRE有益處嗎?
——有，也能讓你一周內(nèi)就掌握轉(zhuǎn)體三周半。
筆者總結(jié)了一下，托福和GRE中不少話題類型和題目類型是重復(fù)的，比如冰川，火星，maya水文明等話題都是類似的。尤其是火星，托福中有三篇考察火星的文章，分別是關(guān)于TPO8(火星上的流水)，TPO16(太陽系中的行星)，TPO25(火星表面)其中，火星地表特征這一篇在GRE中也有考察。
對比一下會發(fā)現(xiàn)，文章是有頗多信息是相關(guān)并且類似的。比如都在探討火星的地表特征，洼陷的地貌;造成這種地貌的原因是什么。具體來說，托福討論火星地表的多個(gè)地表特征(地表上類似火山的特征以及地表上各種坑)，并且針對坑的形成有比較具體的內(nèi)容描述。GRE只針對一個(gè)特征(火星北部的低洼地表)進(jìn)行陳述，重點(diǎn)落在探討形成這個(gè)地表特征的原因。
兩者的差異可以從兩個(gè)角度來看，一方面是文章的行文重點(diǎn)。托福因?yàn)槲恼峦ǔＴ?00-700字之間，有大量的細(xì)節(jié)和論證過程。文章很多在說明火星表面的坑的形成原因(和干燥氣候有關(guān))，坑能夠提供的信息(星球的年紀(jì)和地表情況)，沒有很明顯的觀點(diǎn)對比或者態(tài)度變化。簡言之，好似一篇說明文。而GRE文章說明性內(nèi)容很少(僅僅第一段介紹火星北部地表情況)第二段開始就是不同的觀點(diǎn)來解釋火星北部的低洼地表，其中有邏輯關(guān)系詞However表明觀點(diǎn)的變化，以及指示作者態(tài)度的呈現(xiàn)。觀點(diǎn)變化和作者態(tài)度，就是GRE的重點(diǎn)和考點(diǎn)。
另一方面，是選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置。因?yàn)橥懈５奈恼轮屑?xì)節(jié)比較多，所以細(xì)節(jié)題的考察也是比較多的，比如下面這個(gè)考題：
The detailed appearance of Martian impact craters provides an important piece of information about conditions just below the planet’s surface. Martian craters are surrounded by ejecta (debris formed as a result of an impact) that looks quite different from its lunar counterparts. A comparison of the Copernicus crater on the Moon with the (fairly typical) crater Yuty on Mars demonstrates the differences. The ejecta surrounding the lunar crater is just what one would expect from an explosion ejecting a large volume of dust, soil, and boulders. ■However, the ejecta on Mars gives the distinct impression of a liquid that has splashed or flowed out of crater. ■Geologists think that this fluidized ejecta crater indicates that a layer of permafrost, or water ice, lies just a few meters under the surface.■Explosive impacts heated and liquefied the ice, resulting in the fluid appearance of the ejecta.
12. According to paragraph 6, the ejecta of Mars’s crater Yuty differs from the ejecta of the Moon’s Copernicus crater in that the ejecta of the Yuty crater
○ Has now become part of a permafrost layer
○ Contains a large volume of dust, soil and boulders
○ Suggests that liquid once came out of the surface at the crater site
○ Was thrown a comparatively long distance from the center of the crater
針對段落中的火星的坑Yuty的噴出物和月亮的坑的噴出物的區(qū)別進(jìn)行考察，根據(jù)題干中具體的對比對象描述可以定位原文句子，大概是
“A comparison of the Copernicus crater on the Moon with the (fairly typical) crater Yuty on Mars demonstrates the differences. The ejecta surrounding the lunar crater is just what one would expect from an explosion ejecting a large volume of dust, soil, and boulders. However, the ejecta on Mars gives the distinct impression of a liquid that has splashed or flowed out of crater.”
再根據(jù)題干的問題點(diǎn)是落腳在the ejecta of Yuty crater，也就是火星上的噴出物，所以具體是“However, the ejecta on Mars gives the distinct impression of a liquid that has splashed or flowed out of crater.”這句話，即然而，火星的噴出物明確表明是從坑里流出或者濺出的液體。 最接近的選項(xiàng)就是C Suggests that liquid once came out of the surface at the crater site表明從坑表面出來的液體。正確!
GRE的文章中也有類似的考題
What accounts for the low-lying, ……
Is Mars’s north similarly characterized by a sort of crust different from other areas of the planet?Some researchers do see signs of tectonic activity surrounding the northern basin that suggest thatit was created through the formation of new crust, like ocean basins on Earth. However, McGillpoints to Northern bedrock structures that predate the features said to mark the start of the tectonicprocess. McGill instead believes that through some novel mechanism the ancient surface sank toits current depth as a single unit. This would explain why features around the basin’s edge, whichwould have formed as the surface dropped, seem to be younger than structures at its floor.The third possibility is that …...
As presented in the passage, McGill’s account of the formation of Mars’s northern basin differsfrom the other mentioned in that it alone
A. explains the formation of certain northern bedrock features
B. does not specify the force that caused the northern basin to be lower than its surroundings
C. takes the northern basin to be a landform that is not analogous to any found on Earth
D. denies that features around the northern basin are the result of tectonic activity
E. attributes the creation of the northern lowlands to processes occurring within the planet
沒有具體指代段落了，根據(jù)題干中M的名字進(jìn)而定位文章內(nèi)容。題干的核心在于M的解釋和別的解釋的不同之處，那么就是尋找原文M的獨(dú)到觀點(diǎn)，即“McGill instead believes that through some novel mechanism the ancient surface sank toits current depth as a single unit.”。相反，M認(rèn)為通過一些新穎的機(jī)制，以前的表面沉降到現(xiàn)在的深度是單一事件。GRE選項(xiàng)和托福的選項(xiàng)有很大區(qū)別，選項(xiàng)不是原文句子的直接轉(zhuǎn)寫了。根據(jù)文意，再結(jié)合選項(xiàng)A錯(cuò)誤，并沒有解釋特定的基層的特點(diǎn)。B正確，文中只提及M認(rèn)為有新穎的機(jī)制，并沒有具體說是什么機(jī)制，選項(xiàng)符合。C，根據(jù)文意，地形上有類似于地球的海洋盆地，這個(gè)選項(xiàng)本身也不符合題干。D，否認(rèn)北部盆地特點(diǎn)是由地殼活動造成的。文中M并沒有否認(rèn)，只是指出了證據(jù)上的不可靠性，所以C是錯(cuò)誤的。E，將北部低地是由行星內(nèi)的過程形成，文中M并沒有這么表明，錯(cuò)誤。需要根據(jù)文意，加以提煉和總結(jié)，得到答案是B。
掌握好這兩個(gè)考試的相似和區(qū)別，自然能夠知道大哥GRE和小弟托福是各有分工各司其職，但偶爾也有小交集。抓好交集，厘清差異，大哥小弟就可以一起飛啦!
托福閱讀真題練習(xí)：租金管制
托福閱讀文本：
Rent control is the system whereby the local government tells building owners how much they can charge their tenants in rent. In the United States, rent controls date back to at least World War II.
In 1943 the federal government imposed rent controls to help solve the problem of housing shortages during wartime. The federal program ended after the war, but in some locations, including New York City, controls continued. Under New York's controls, a landlord generally cannot raise rents on apartments as long as the tenants continue to renew their leases. In places such as Santa Monica, California, rent controls are more recent. They were spurred by the inflation of the 1970's, which, combined with California's rapid population growth, pushed housing prices, as well as rents, to record levels. In 1979 Santa Monica's municipal government ordered landlords to roll back their rents to the levels charged in 1978. Future rents could only go up by two-thirds as much as any increase in the overall price level.
In any housing market, rental prices perform three functions: (1) promoting the efficient maintenance of existing housing and stimulating the construction of new housing, (2) allocating existing scarce housing among competing claimants, and (3) rationing use of existing housing by potential renters.
One result of rent control is a decrease in the construction of new rental units. Rent controls have artificially depressed the most important long-term determinant of profitability — rents. Consider some examples. In a recent year in Dallas, Texas, with a 16 percent rental vacancy rate but no rent control laws, 11,000 new housing units were built. In the same year, in San Francisco, California, only 2,000 units were built. The major difference? San Francisco has only a 1.6 percent vacancy rate but stringent rent control laws. In New York City, except for government-subsidized construction, the only rental units being built are luxury units, which are exempt from controls. In Santa Monica, California, new apartments are not being constructed. New office rental space and commercial developments are, however. They are exempt from rent controls.
托福閱讀題目：
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The construction of apartments in the United States.
(B) Causes and effects of rent control
(C) The fluctuations of rental prices
(D) The shortage of affordable housing in the United States.
2. The word "They" in line 9 refers to
(A) the tenants
(B) their leases
(C) places
(D) rent controls.
3. Which of the following was NOT a reason for the introduction of rent controls in Santa Monica,
California?
(A) rapid population growth
(B) inflation
(C) economic conditions during wartime
(D) record-high housing prices
4. The phrase "roll back" in line 11 is closest in meaning to
(A) credit
(B) measure
(C) vary
(D) reduce
5. The word "stimulating" in line 15 is closest in meaning to
(A) experimenting with
(B) identifying
(C) estimating
(D) encouraging
6. It can be inferred that the purpose of rent control is to
(A) protect tenants
(B) promote construction
(C) increase vacancy rates
(D) decrease sales of rental units
7. The word "depressed" in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) saddened
(B) created
(C) lowered
(D) defeated
8. The information in the last paragraph supports which of the following statements?
(A) San Francisco has eliminated its rent control laws.
(B) Rent control leads to a reduction in the construction of housing units
(C) Luxury apartments are rarely built when there is rent control
(D) There is a growing need for government-subsidized housing.
9.According to the passage , which of the following cities does NOT currently have rent controls?
(A) Santa Monica
(B) Dallas
(C) San Francisco
(D) New York City
10. The word "stringent" in line 23 is closest in meaning to
(A) straightforward
(B) strict
(C) expanded
(D) efficient
11.According to the passage , which of the following is NOT exempt from rent control?
(A) Luxury apartments
(B) Commercial development
(C) Moderately priced apartments
(D) Office space.
托福閱讀答案：
BDCDDACBBB C
托福閱讀真題練習(xí)：蝴蝶
托福閱讀文本：
Butterflies are among the most extensively studied insects — it is estimated that 90 percent of the world's species have scientific names. As a consequence, they are perhaps the best group of insects for examining patterns of terrestrial biotic diversity and distribution. Butterflies also have a favorable image with the general public. Hence, they are an excellent group for communicating information on science and conservation issues such as diversity.
Perhaps the aspect of butterfly diversity that has received the most attention over the past century is the striking difference in species richness between tropical and temperate regions. For example, in 1875 one biologist pointed out the diversity of butterflies in the Amazon when he mentioned that about 700 species were found within an hour's walk, whereas the total number found on the British islands did not exceed 66, and the whole of Europe supported only 321. This early comparison of tropical and temperate butterfly richness has been well confirmed.
A general theory of diversity would have to predict not only this difference between temperate and tropical zones, but also patterns within each region, and how these patterns vary among different animal and plant groups. However, for butterflies, variation of species richness within temperate or tropical regions, rather man between them, is poorly understood. Indeed, comparisons of numbers of species among the Amazon basin, tropical Asia, and Africa are still mostly "personal communication" citations, even for vertebrates. In other words, unlike comparison between temperate and tropical areas, these patterns are still in the documentation phase.
In documenting geographical variation in butterfly diversity, some arbitrary, practical decisions are made. Diversity, number of species, and species richness are used synonymously;little is known about the evenness of butterfly distribution. The New World butterflies make up the preponderance of examples because they are the most familiar species. It is hoped that by focusing on them, the errors generated by imperfect and incomplete taxonomy will be minimized.
托福閱讀題目：
1. Which aspect of butterflies does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Their physical characteristics
(B) Their names
(C) Their adaptation to different habitats
(D) Their variety
2. The word "consequence" in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) result
(B) explanation
(C) analysis
(D) requirement
3. Butterflies are a good example for communicating information about conservation issues
because they
(A) are simple in structure
(B) are viewed positively by people
(C) have been given scientific names
(D) are found mainly in temperate climates
4. The word "striking" in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) physical
(B) confusing
(C) noticeable
(D) successful
5. The word "exceed" in line 11 is closest in meaning to
(A) locate
(B) allow
(C) go beyond
(D) come close to
6. All of the following are mentioned as being important parts of a general theory of diversity EXCEPT
(A) differences between temperate and tropical zones
(B) patterns of distribution of species in each region
(C) migration among temperate and tropical zones
(D) variation of patterns of distribution of species among different animals and plants
7. The author mentions tropicalAsia in lines 19 as an example of a location where
(A) butterfly behavior varies with climate
(B) a general theory of butterfly diversity has not yet been firmly established
(C) butterflies are affected by human populations
(D) documenting plant species is more difficult than documenting butterfly species
8. Which of the following is NOT well understood by biologists?
(A) European butterfly habitats
(B) Differences in species richness between temperate and tropical regions
(C) Differences in species richness within a temperate or a tropical region
(D) Comparisons of behavior patterns of butterflies and certain animal groups
9. The word "generated" in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(A) requested
(B) caused
(C) assisted
(D) estimated
托福閱讀答案：
DABCC CBCB
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GRE閱讀與托福閱讀的區(qū)別聯(lián)系
