托福閱讀十大題型簡(jiǎn)介
閱讀是托?？荚囍蟹浅Ｖ匾囊徊糠郑芊褡龊瞄喿x對(duì)于托福成績(jī)有重要影響。學(xué)習(xí)啦為您帶來托福閱讀十大題型簡(jiǎn)介，希望對(duì)備考托福的同學(xué)有所幫助。
托福閱讀十大題型簡(jiǎn)介
一、圖表題
總結(jié)全文原則
1、根據(jù)引導(dǎo)詞先大定位
2、匹配與引導(dǎo)詞語(yǔ)義相關(guān)的選項(xiàng)，排除與引導(dǎo)詞無關(guān)/錯(cuò)誤的選項(xiàng)
二、事實(shí)信息題
同義改寫原則
1、讀題干，找到其中的關(guān)鍵詞
2、根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞，定位到原文中的有效信息
3、正確答案是原文有效信息的同意改寫
4、選項(xiàng)定位法，逐個(gè)擊破
三、否定事實(shí)信息題
排除原則
1、選項(xiàng)定位法
2、核對(duì)題干信息
四、修辭目的題
細(xì)節(jié)原則
1、看選項(xiàng)中的動(dòng)詞從文中找邏輯排除 (demonstrate/contrast/refute…)
2、重點(diǎn)看本句(細(xì)節(jié)題)前一兩句(觀點(diǎn))，關(guān)注段首 句(段落觀點(diǎn))
3、選擇同義改寫
五、推斷題
排除原則
1、根據(jù)原文有效信息選項(xiàng)定位法，逐個(gè)擊破
2、不可過分推，寧可推少，不可推多;寧可保守，都不 過分推理
3、思路上可以有取反或取非
六、句子簡(jiǎn)化題
邏輯對(duì)應(yīng)原則
1、正確選項(xiàng)必須包含原句主要信息(主干)，修飾信息 可刪除，可同義改寫，可概括總結(jié);
2、最好用的邏輯關(guān)系詞對(duì)照：因果(原因?qū)υ颍Y(jié)果 對(duì)結(jié)果);轉(zhuǎn)折讓步比較(雖然對(duì)雖然，但是對(duì)但是)
3、and前后信息有前必有后，不能缺失前后信息
七、句子插入題
承上啟下原則
先看插入句找線索，三大線索分別是代詞，邏輯連接詞和結(jié)構(gòu)
八、指代題
聯(lián)系上下文原則
指代對(duì)象一般為前一句的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)(主優(yōu)先于賓
九、詞匯題
熟詞直選原則
認(rèn)識(shí)單詞直接選;不認(rèn)識(shí)根據(jù)上下文的邏輯猜測(cè)
十、六選三題
總結(jié)觀點(diǎn)原則
1、全文主題
2、一個(gè)或多個(gè)段落的主旨大意
了解了托福閱讀題型，解題方法需要考生靈活掌握，才能在托福考試中處變不驚。
托福閱讀真題練習(xí)：美國(guó)歷史
托福閱讀文本：
During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, almost nothing was written about the contributions of women during the colonial period and the early history of the newly formed United States. Lacking the right to vote and absent from the seats of power, women were not considered an important force in history. Anne Bradstreet wrote some significant poetry in the seventeenth century, Mercy Otis Warren produced the best contemporary history of the American Revolution, and Abigail Adams penned important letters showing she exercised great political influence over her husband, John, the second President of the United States. But little or no notice was taken of these contributions. During these centuries, women remained invisible in history books.
Throughout the nineteenth century, this lack of visibility continued, despite the efforts of female authors writing about women. These writers, like most of their male counterparts, were amateur historians. Their writings were celebratory in nature, and they were uncritical in their selection and use of sources.
During the nineteenth century, however, certain feminists showed a keen sense of history by keeping records of activities in which women were engaged. National, regional, and local women's organizations compiled accounts of their doings. Personal correspondence, newspaper clippings, and souvenirs were saved and stored. These sources from the core of the two greatest collections of women's history in the United States one at the Elizabeth and Arthur Schlesinger Library at Radcliffé College, and the other the Sophia Smith Collection at Smith College. Such sources have provided valuable materials for later generations of historians.
Despite the gathering of more information about ordinary women during the nineteenth century, most of the writing about women conformed to the "great women" theory of history, just as much of mainstream American history concentrated on "great men." To demonstrate that women were making significant contributions to American life, female authors singled out women leaders and wrote biographies, or else important women produced their autobiographies. Most of these leaders were involved in public life as reformers, activists working for women's right to vote, or authors, and were not representative at all of the great of ordinary woman. The lives of ordinary people continued, generally, to be untold in the American histories being published.
托福閱讀題目：
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The role of literature in earlyAmerican histories
(B) The place ofAmerican women in written histories
(C) The keen sense of history shown byAmerican women
(D) The "great women" approach to history used by American historians
2. The word "contemporary" in line 6 means that the history was
(A) informative
(B) written at that time
(C) thoughtful
(D) faultfinding
3. In the first paragraph, Bradstreet, Warren, and Adams are mentioned to show that
(A) a woman's status was changed by marriage
(B) even the contributions of outstanding women were ignored
(C) only three women were able to get their writing published
(D) poetry produced by women was more readily accepted than other writing by women
4. The word "celebratory" in line 12 means that the writings referred to were
(A) related to parties
(B) religious
(C) serious
(D) full of praise
5. The word "they" in line 12 refers to
(A) efforts
(B) authors
(C) counterparts
(D) sources
6. In the second paragraph, what weakness in nineteenth-century histories does the author point
out?
(A) They put too much emphasis on daily activities
(B) They left out discussion of the influence of money on politics.
(C) The sources of the information they were based on were not necessarily accurate.
(D) They were printed on poor-quality paper.
7. On the basis of information in the third paragraph, which of the following would most likely
have been collected by nineteenth-century feminist organizations?
(A) Newspaper accounts of presidential election results
(B) Biographies of John Adams
(C) Letters from a mother to a daughter advising her how to handle a family problem
(D) Books about famous graduates of the country's first college
8. What use was made of the nineteenth-century women's history materials in the Schlesinger
Library and the Sophia Smith Collection?
(A) They were combined and published in a multivolume encyclopedia
(B) They formed the basis of college courses in the nineteenth century.
(C) They provided valuable information for twentieth-century historical researchers.
(D) They were shared among women's colleges throughout the United States.
9. In the last paragraph, the author mentions all of the following as possible roles of
nineteenth-century "great women" EXCEPT
(A) authors
(B) reformers
(C) activists for women's rights
(D) politicians
10. The word "representative" in line 29 is closest in meaning to
(A) typical
(B) satisfied
(C) supportive
(D) distinctive
托福閱讀答案：
BBBDB CCCDA
托福閱讀真題練習(xí)：人工孵化項(xiàng)目
托福閱讀文本：
Aviculturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates.
When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity of the nest are controlled naturally. Heat is transferred from the bird's skin to the top portion of the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. This temperature gradient may be vital to successful hatching. Nest construction can contribute to this temperature gradient. Nests of loosely arranged sticks, rocks, or dirt are cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material. Such nests also act as humidity regulators by allowing rain to drain into the bottom sections of the nest so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the water. As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates, the water vapor rises and is heated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubation environment.
In artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrots and incubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercial incubators heat the eggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the bird's method of natural incubation, and perhaps reducing the viability and survivability of the hatching chicks. When incubators are not used, aviculturists sometimes suspend wooden boxes outdoors to use as nests in which to place eggs. In areas where weather can become cold after eggs are laid, it is very important to maintain a deep foundation of nesting material to act as insulator against the cold bottom of the box. If eggs rest against the wooden bottom in extremely cold weather conditions, they can become chilled to a point where the embryo can no longer survive. Similarly, these boxes should be protected from direct sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo. Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extreme temperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, secure place to rest.
托福閱讀題目：
1. What is the main idea of the passage ?
(A) Nesting material varies according to the parrots' environment.
(B) Humidity is an important factor in incubating parrots' eggs.
(C)Aviculturists have constructed the ideal nest box for parrots.
(D) Wild parrots' nests provide information useful for artificial incubation.
2. The word "They" in line 2 refers to
(A) aviculturists
(B) birds
(C) eggs
(D) rates
3. According to paragraph 2, when the temperature of the sides and bottom of the egg are cooler than the top, then
(A) there may be a good chance for successful incubation
(B) the embryo will not develop normally
(C) the incubating parent moves the egg to a new position.
(D) the incubation process is slowed down
4.According to paragraph 2, sticks, rocks, or dirt are used to
(A) soften the bottom of the nest for the newly hatched chick
(B) hold the nest together
(C) help lower the temperature at the bottom of the nest
(D) make the nest bigger
5.According to paragraph 2, the construction of the nest allows water to
(A) provide a beneficial source of humidity in the nest
(B) loosen the materials at the bottom of the nest
(C) keep the nest in a clean condition
(D) touch the bottom of the eggs
6.All of the following are part of a parrot's incubation method EXCEPT
(A) heating the water vapor as it rises from the bottom of the nest
(B) arranging nesting material at the bottom of the nest
(C) transferring heat from the parent to the top of the eggshell
(D) maintaining a constant temperature on the eggshell
7. The word "suspend" in line 18 is closest in meaning to
(A) build
(B) paint
(C) hang
(D) move
8. The word "fatal" in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) close
(B) deadly
(C) natural
(D) hot
9. The word "secure" in line 27 is closest in meaning to
(A) fresh
(B) dry
(C) safe
(D) warm
10.According to paragraph 3, a deep foundation of nesting material provides
(A) a constant source of humidity
(B) a strong nest box
(C) more room for newly hatched chicks
(D) protection against cold weather
11. Which of the following is a problem with commercial incubators?
(A) They lack the natural temperature changes of the outdoors.
(B) They are unable to heat the eggs evenly
(C) They do not transfer heat to the egg in the same way the parent bird does.
(D) They are expensive to operate.
12. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?
(A)Aviculturists (line 1)
(B) gradient (line 8)
(C) incubation (line 15)
(D) embryo (line 22)
托福閱讀答案：
DAACADCBCD CA
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