托福閱讀時間分配和閱讀步驟
為了幫助大家高效備考托福，學(xué)習(xí)啦為大家?guī)硗懈ｉ喿x時間分配以及閱讀步驟，希望對大家托福備考有所幫助。更多精彩盡請關(guān)注學(xué)習(xí)啦!
托福閱讀時間分配以及閱讀步驟
托福閱讀包含3篇閱讀，每篇閱讀的時間為20分鐘。建議是每篇文章，無論難易，都用17分鐘做完，剩下的9分鐘一律補(bǔ)充到較難的文章中去。如何補(bǔ)充呢?大家可以在做題的過程中一邊做題一邊將難題記錄下來，最后的9分鐘用來檢查或者重做這些難題。
托福閱讀這些部分應(yīng)該詳讀
剛才建議大家一篇文章用17分鐘做完，這個時間包含了全文閱讀的時間和做題的時間，比較合理的安排是3-4分鐘用來閱讀，剩下的時間用來做題。3-4分鐘是無法將整篇文章逐字逐句地進(jìn)行閱讀的，所以一定要掌握方法，有些部分要詳讀，有些部分要略讀。而不管詳略，主要的目的是為了讀出文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和討論的主要內(nèi)容。下面講講詳讀的具體步驟。
1 讀標(biāo)題
文章的標(biāo)題能透露不少的信息，在看到文章的標(biāo)題后對全文的結(jié)構(gòu)可以進(jìn)行一個預(yù)測。比如說Applied Arts and Fine Arts，這個標(biāo)題很明顯是對比類型的標(biāo)題，文章中應(yīng)該會有兩個討論對象，而且是分類進(jìn)行闡述的。
2 讀主題句
有一個很好的技巧就是直接從最后一題中尋找線索，因?yàn)樽詈笠坏劳俏恼滦〗Y(jié)題或者填表題，最后一題能很快幫助你鎖定文章討論的對象甚至結(jié)構(gòu)。然后還可以從文章的首位句群中尋找主題句，記住，是句群而不是段落。因?yàn)橛械闹黝}句并不在第一段，具體的尋找方法在課內(nèi)可以跟學(xué)員們分享。
3 讀段落的首位句群
我們一般要讀的是段落開頭的兩句和結(jié)尾的一句，要特別留心開頭部分的轉(zhuǎn)折詞。
托福閱讀可以略讀的部分一覽
為了將更多的時間用于詳讀部分，我們必然要對文章其他部分進(jìn)行略讀。下面這些部分是要略讀的部分。
1.重復(fù)與進(jìn)一步解釋的內(nèi)容;
2.完全相反的情形;
3.具體的原理和過程;
4.目的已知的例子和引入;
5.重心在后面，前面略讀。
提升閱讀效率畫邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)圖
在進(jìn)行完前面兩步后，對于文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和主要內(nèi)容都會有比較好的把握，筆者建議學(xué)生可以在平時的練習(xí)中將文章的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)畫出來，經(jīng)過這樣的練習(xí)，閱讀的理解能力肯定會有提升。
托福閱讀真題練習(xí)：巖石
托福閱讀文本：
Any rock that has cooled and solidified from a molten state is an igneous rock. Therefore, if the Earth began as a superheated sphere in space, all the rocks making up its crust may well have been igneous and thus the ancestors of all other rocks. Even today, approximately 95 percent of the entire crust is igneous. Periodically, molten material wells out of the Earth's interior to invade the surface layers or to flow onto the surface itself. This material cools into a wide variety of igneous rocks. In the molten state, it is called magma as it pushes into the crust and lava when it runs out onto the surface.
All magma consists basically of a variety of silicate minerals (high in silicon-oxygen compounds), but the chemical composition of any given flow may differ radically from that of any other. The resulting igneous rocks will reflect these differences. Igneous rocks also vary in texture as well as chemistry. Granite, for instance, is a coarse-grained igneous rock whose individual mineral crystals have formed to a size easily seen by the naked eye. A slow rate of cooling has allowed the crystals to reach this size. Normally, slow cooling occurs when the crust is invaded by magma that remains buried well below the surface. Granite may be found on the surface of the contemporary landscape, but from its coarse texture we know that it must have formed through slow cooling at a great depth and later been laid bare by erosion. Igneous rocks with this coarse-grained texture that formed at depth are called plutonic.
On the other hand, if the same magma flows onto the surface and is quickly cooled by the atmosphere, the resulting rock will be fine-grained and appear quite different from granite, although the chemical composition will be identical. This kind of rock is called rhyolite. The most finely grained igneous rock is volcanic glass or obsidian, which has no crystals. Some researchers believe this is because of rapid cooling; others believe it is because of a lack of water vapor and other gases in the lava. The black obsidian cliffs of Yellowstone National Park are the result of a lava flow of basalt running head on into a glacier. Some of the glacier melted on contact, but suddenly there also appeared a huge black mass of glassy stone.
托福閱讀題目：
1. In the first paragraph, the author mentions that 95% of the Earth's crust is composed of igneous rock to support the idea that
(A) the Earth began as a molten mass
(B) a thin layer of magma flows beneath the Earth's crust
(C) the minerals found in igneous rock are very common
(D) igneous rock is continually being formed
2. The word "invade" in line 5 is closest in meaning to
(A) move into
(B) neutralize
(C) cover
(D) deposit
3. The word "contemporary" in line 15 is closest in meaning to
(A) vast
(B) natural
(C) existing
(D) uneven
4. The word "it" in line 16 refers to
(A) granite
(B) surface
(C) landscape
(D) texture
5. Granite that has been found above ground has been
(A) pushed up from below the crust by magma
(B) produced during a volcanic explosion
(C) gradually exposed due to erosion
(D) pushed up by the natural shifting of the Earth
6. Which of the following is produced when magma cools rapidly?
(A) granite
(B) plutonic rock
(C) rhyolite
(D) mineral crystals
7. The word "finely" in line 22 is closest in meaning to
(A) minutely
(B) loosely
(C) sensitively
(D) purely
8. Which of the following is another name for volcanic glass?
(A) Plutonic rock
(B) Crystal
(C) Lava
(D) Obsidian
托福閱讀答案：
AACAC CAD
托福閱讀真題練習(xí)：植物生長
托福閱讀文本：
Plants are subject to attack and infection by a remarkable variety of symbiotic species and have evolved a diverse array of mechanisms designed to frustrate the potential colonists. These can be divided into preformed or passive defense mechanisms and inducible or active systems.
Passive plant defense comprises physical and chemical barriers that prevent entry of pathogens,such as bacteria, or render tissues unpalatable or toxic to the invader. The external surfaces of plants, in addition to being covered by an epidermis and a waxy cuticle, often carry spiky hairs known as trichomes, which either prevent feeding by insects or may even puncture and kill insect larvae. Other trichomes are sticky and glandular and effectively trap and immobilize insects.
If the physical barriers of the plant are breached, then preformed chemicals may inhibit or kill the intruder, and plant tissues contain a diverse array of toxic or potentially toxic substances, such as resins, tannins, glycosides, and alkaloids, many of which are highly effective deterrents to insects that feed on plants. The success of the Colorado beetle in infesting potatoes, for example,seems to be correlated with its high tolerance to alkaloids that normally repel potential pests.
Other possible chemical defenses, while not directly toxic to the parasite, may inhibit some essential step in the establishment of a parasitic relationship. For example, glycoproteins in plant cell walls may inactivate enzymes that degrade cell walls. These enzymes are often produced by bacteria and fungi.
Active plant defense mechanisms are comparable to the immune system of vertebrate animals,although the cellular and molecular bases are fundamentally different. Both, however, are triggered in reaction to intrusion, implying that the host has some means of recognizing the presence of a foreign organism. The most dramatic example of an inducible plant defense reaction is the hypersensitive response. In the hypersensitive response, cells undergo rapid necrosis — that is, they become diseased and die — after being penetrated by a parasite; the parasite itself subsequently ceases to grow and is therefore restricted to one or a few cells around the entry site.
Several theories have been put forward to explain the basis of hypersensitive resistance.
托福閱讀題目：
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The success of parasites in resisting plant defense mechanisms
(B) Theories on active plant defense mechanisms
(C) How plant defense mechanisms function
(D) How the immune system of animals and the defense mechanisms of plants differ
2. The phrase "subject to" in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) susceptible to
(B) classified by
(C) attractive to
(D) strengthened by
3. The word "puncture" in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) pierce
(B) pinch
(C) surround
(D) cover .
4. The word "which" in line 12 refers to
(A) tissues
(B) substances
(C) barriers
(D) insects
5. Which of the following substances does the author mention as NOT necessarily being toxic to
the Colorado beetle?
(A) resins
(B) tannins
(C) glycosides
(D) alkaloids
6. Why does the author mention "glycoproteins" in line 17?
(A) to compare plant defense mechanisms to the immune system of animals
(B) to introduce the discussion of active defense mechanisms in plants
(C) to illustrate how chemicals function in plant defense
(D) to emphasize the importance of physical barriers in plant defense
7. The word "dramatic" in line 23 could best be replaced by
(A) striking
(B) accurate
(C) consistent
(D) appealing
8. Where in the passage does the author describe an active plant-defense reaction?
(A) Lines 1-3
(B) Lines 4-6
(C) Lines 13-15
(D) Lines 24-27
9. The passage most probably continues with a discussion of theories on
(A) the basis of passive plant defense
(B) how chemicals inhibit a parasitic relationship.
(C) how plants produce toxic chemicals
(D) the principles of the hypersensitive response.
托福閱讀答案：
CAABD CADD
托福閱讀時間分配以及閱讀步驟相關(guān)文章：
★ 托福閱讀做題步驟
★ 托福閱讀題型講解
托福閱讀時間分配和閱讀步驟
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