句子簡(jiǎn)化題是托福閱讀中不可忽視的一類題型，它考察學(xué)生對(duì)長(zhǎng)難句的理解和同義替換能力的掌握，而這些技能在學(xué)生未來(lái)的海外求學(xué)生涯中都極為重要。下面我們就以真題為例，給大家深入解析一下句子簡(jiǎn)化題的應(yīng)對(duì)策略，希望有助于各位的托福閱讀備考。

托福閱讀句子簡(jiǎn)化題深度解析

對(duì)于句子簡(jiǎn)化題，有一些題目如果句子不長(zhǎng)，我們做題的基本原則就是：同義替換。

找到原句中的關(guān)鍵的詞在選項(xiàng)當(dāng)中進(jìn)行同義替換。例如In evolutionary history, the development of language set humans apart fromthe rest of the animal kingdom.

Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. Humans evolved as the most powerful species after they are developed language.

B. The creation of human language has its origins in the language of animals.

C. The emergence of language distinguished early humans from other animals.

D. Humans and animals developed completed different systems of communication.

先來(lái)看題干：Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

該題要求從選項(xiàng)中選擇一個(gè)能夠表達(dá)原文陰影句子核心信息的句子。很多同學(xué)采用翻譯的方法做題，即首先翻譯原句，然后逐個(gè)翻譯四個(gè)選項(xiàng)。這種做法不僅浪費(fèi)時(shí)間，而且對(duì)我們的讀句子的能力要求極高。更好的做法是，首先判斷句子的核心信息。這是考題當(dāng)中為數(shù)不多的原句比較簡(jiǎn)單的句子釋義題，原句的核心概念在于強(qiáng)調(diào)區(qū)分(apart from)。因此找到同義替換，即是C項(xiàng)當(dāng)中的distinguished。但是大多數(shù)題目的原文不會(huì)是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句，多數(shù)是帶有邏輯關(guān)系的復(fù)雜句。那么簡(jiǎn)單的同義替換技巧就無(wú)法操作了。如何快速解決這種題型呢?我們主要分兩個(gè)部分來(lái)解析。

其實(shí)，我們?cè)谧x原句的時(shí)候并不需要完整的徹底的攝取信息，相反，我們通過(guò)快速瀏覽，只需要關(guān)注兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)：一是原句當(dāng)中的表示程度，頻率的詞，二是原句當(dāng)中的邏輯關(guān)系。并不需要吸收所有信息，只需要快速瀏覽將所關(guān)注的信息點(diǎn)抓住即可，這樣便節(jié)省了大量的時(shí)間。

The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.

Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.

B. Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth.

C. The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.

D. Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.

解題思路：

句子中最核心的信息首先就是該句的邏輯關(guān)系。原句的邏輯關(guān)系可以由result from 來(lái)判斷，為因果關(guān)系。借此我們就可以縮小選項(xiàng)范圍，首先排除掉C,D選項(xiàng)。剩下的A,B兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)均包含因果的邏輯關(guān)系。接下來(lái)我們可以根據(jù)句子的第二種核心信息：主語(yǔ)，來(lái)判斷。原句的主語(yǔ)是Desertification沙漠化，而B項(xiàng)的主語(yǔ)是Slowing down the process of desertification減緩沙漠化進(jìn)程。所以排除掉B選項(xiàng)，A為正確答案。

將通過(guò)程度詞解題和借助邏輯關(guān)系解題結(jié)合起來(lái)，對(duì)于解答帶有邏輯關(guān)系的復(fù)雜句的釋義題很有幫助。我們看一下下面這道題目：

It is one of the most important sensations because it is translated into a negative reaction, such as withdrawal from danger.

Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. Escaping from danger is a negative reaction, but it is the most important thing an individual learns.

B. The ability to sense pain is extremely important because pain signals the body to respond to a threat.

C. Experiencing pain is one type of reaction to a negative stimulus; another type is avoiding danger.

D. We experience a lot of sensations, and the most important ones are translated into appropriate actions.

瀏覽原句，從because可以看出邏輯關(guān)系為因果關(guān)系，并且原句當(dāng)中有絕對(duì)化詞匯most。僅僅憑借most這個(gè)程度很強(qiáng)的詞匯我們可以排除C選項(xiàng)。因?yàn)樵漠?dāng)中帶有絕對(duì)化詞匯而選項(xiàng)中沒(méi)有，那么這個(gè)選項(xiàng)為必錯(cuò)選項(xiàng)。接下來(lái)利用邏輯關(guān)系排除A項(xiàng)，A中為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。而B恰恰有because 這個(gè)詞，此外B中的extremely可以作為most的同義替換。正確答案為B。

幾乎每一篇文章后面都會(huì)有一道釋義題，因此考生應(yīng)加強(qiáng)練習(xí)。平時(shí)在閱讀文章，或者報(bào)刊雜志的時(shí)候不僅僅要把注意力放在讀懂原文上，還應(yīng)該注意原文的邏輯關(guān)系，培養(yǎng)根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系思考的習(xí)慣。另外，一些程度詞的存在也會(huì)影響我們對(duì)原文的精確理解，平時(shí)閱讀的時(shí)候應(yīng)當(dāng)多加關(guān)注。

托福詞匯之10種著名小吃的英語(yǔ)說(shuō)法

羊肉泡饃

01. Flatbread in mutton soup (yangrou paomo) – Yangrou paomo is the most iconic [標(biāo)志性的] dish in the Xi’an foodscape. The ritual [例行公事] before eating a paomo – tearing the bread into small pieces yourself before letting the chef turn it into a stew [燉的食物] – is as enjoyable as the dish itself.

帶有湯汁的飯菜通常用in + 湯汁這個(gè)公式來(lái)表達(dá)，如紅燒肉就是diced pork stewed in brown sauce。

肉夾饃

02. Xi’an meat burger (roujiamo) – Roujiamo is the city’s favorite burger. A delicious roujiamo is composed of [由……組成] two key elements – juicy shredded [切成碎片的] braised pork [燉豬肉] and a crispy baked bread.

肉夾饃其實(shí)是饃夾肉__但不管怎樣，肉夾饃和西方的漢堡包很類似，只不過(guò)肉夾饃用的是餅，漢堡包用的是面包。順便說(shuō)一下，驢肉火燒可以翻譯為donkey burger。

涼皮

03. Cold noodles (liangpi) – Rice noodles are cooked, cooled and thinly sliced. The noodles are often served in a sauce made of chili oil [辣椒油], pepper powder, vinegar and diced garlic [切成丁的大蒜]. Then it’s garnished with [配有] bean sprouts [豆芽] and sliced cucumber [黃瓜].

提到noodle的時(shí)候，通常都是復(fù)數(shù)noodles，因?yàn)槲覀儾豢赡芫统砸桓?方便面叫instant noodles。

biangbiang面

04. Biangbiang noodles – commonly described as resembling a belt, biangbiang noodles are wide, thick and long. One string of noodles can easily fill you up.

酸湯水餃

05. Hot and sour soup dumpling (suantang shuijiao) – Who can resist a bowl of dumplings swimming in hot and sour soup with sesame seeds [芝麻], minced leek [蔥花] and cilantro [香菜]? Suantang shuijiao is flavorful and refreshing with a lingering (and pleasant) aftertaste [回味無(wú)窮].

湯圓一般翻譯為sweet dumpling，如果要告訴外國(guó)人餃子和湯圓的區(qū)別，恐怕得進(jìn)一步解釋一下。

粉蒸肉

06. Steamed beef and wheat powder (fenzhengrou) – This unassuming-looking [其貌不揚(yáng)的] dish packs 23 herbs, spices and seasonings into one serving and requires seven hours to cook.

饅頭可以翻譯為steamed bun，包子就是有餡的饅頭，可以說(shuō)成steamed stuffed bun，但有些地方包子饅頭都用steamed bun。

串兒

07. Kabob (chuan’er) – coated with chili [辣椒] and cumin [孜然] powder, it’s a highly addictive [使人上癮的] midnight snack for Xi’an residents. It’s not unusual for locals to order 100 of them in one go.

穿肉串的簽子叫skewer。

石榴汁兒

08. Pomegranate juice – Pomegranates are a local specialty product. Pomegranate juice stands pop up around town every fall.

我中學(xué)大學(xué)的時(shí)候會(huì)說(shuō)的水果很少，撐死5個(gè)：apple, banana, pear, orange, grape。有一天我去菜市場(chǎng)，立志要把所有常見(jiàn)水果的英文說(shuō)法學(xué)會(huì)。

甑糕

09. Glutinous rice and date cake (zenggao) – Cooked overnight in a zeng – a traditional earthen utensil [泥做的器皿] – most vendors [商販] only prepare one batch [一爐] of zenggao (glutinous rice [糯米] and date [棗子] layered cake) a day.

glutinous rice也可以簡(jiǎn)單說(shuō)成sticky rice。我們傳統(tǒng)的英語(yǔ)課堂上通常是不會(huì)教這些詞匯的，因?yàn)榭荚嚥豢?，看到人名地名，老師也?huì)跳過(guò)(基本不會(huì)教人名地名的發(fā)音)，因?yàn)榭荚嚥豢?，這就導(dǎo)致我們中的絕大多數(shù)出了學(xué)校就像從來(lái)沒(méi)有學(xué)過(guò)英語(yǔ)一樣，因?yàn)橹粫?huì)用排除法做選擇題。凡是我們經(jīng)?？吹降?，聽(tīng)到的，想到的，都應(yīng)該設(shè)法用英語(yǔ)說(shuō)出來(lái)，這樣才會(huì)有成就感，才不會(huì)覺(jué)得枯燥，才不會(huì)放棄!

湯包

10. Soup dumpling (tangbao) – Shanghai’s xiaolongbao? Wrong. It is Xi’an’s own version of soup dumplings. Instead of pork, tangbao in Xi’an is mutton meat and soup packed into a paper-thin wrapper.

這里把湯包翻譯為soup dumpling其實(shí)也可以理解，因?yàn)闇惋溩右矝](méi)有絕對(duì)的區(qū)別?？傊形暮陀⑽氖莾煞N截然不同的語(yǔ)言，詞匯不可能完全對(duì)應(yīng)，需要我們不斷揣摩和體會(huì)，這也許就是語(yǔ)言的魅力吧。加油!

托福詞匯之"雨夾雪"用英語(yǔ)怎么說(shuō)?

首先，“雨夾雪”是sleet，MacMillan English Dictionary – American對(duì)它的解釋是：

1. a mixture of snow and rain

2. if it is sleeting, sleet is falling from the sky

也就是說(shuō)，sleet既可以作名詞，又可以作動(dòng)詞，作動(dòng)詞時(shí)是“下雨夾雪”的意思。

其實(shí)，部分以字母組合sl-開(kāi)頭的單詞與“滑”有關(guān)，如：

1. sleet 雨夾雪-導(dǎo)致地面濕滑。

2. sleek 光滑而有光澤。如sleek black hair就是洗發(fā)水廣告中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的“烏黑順滑的頭發(fā)”。

3. sleigh 雪橇-雪橇是用來(lái)滑的。著名圣誕歌曲Jingle Bells里有一句歌詞是Oh what fun it is to ride in a one-horse open sleigh。

4. slide 滑動(dòng);滑梯。sliding door是滑動(dòng)門，也就是開(kāi)關(guān)的時(shí)候是往左右兩側(cè)滑動(dòng)的門，與轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的合頁(yè)門對(duì)應(yīng)。

5. slip 滑(倒)

6. slippery 濕滑的;狡猾的。Caution Slippery Floor(小心地滑)在很多公共場(chǎng)所可見(jiàn)。

7. slippers 拖鞋-后跟拖著在地上滑動(dòng)，發(fā)出嚓嚓的響聲。拖鞋是一雙，所以要用復(fù)數(shù)slippers。

8. slope 斜坡;斜面-東西放上去容易往下滑。還記得物理課上的斜面嗎?上面放一個(gè)長(zhǎng)方體，問(wèn)斜面與地面的夾角大于多少度時(shí)長(zhǎng)方體會(huì)往下滑動(dòng)。

托福詞匯之"老司機(jī)"用英語(yǔ)怎么說(shuō)?

林丹出軌事件繼續(xù)發(fā)酵升溫。據(jù)某媒體爆料，林丹居然是出軌“老司機(jī)”。今天我們來(lái)看看“老司機(jī)”用英語(yǔ)怎么說(shuō)。

林丹曾經(jīng)拍攝的一則公益廣告，前幾天被網(wǎng)友“挖墳”了。

廣告詞“人生不能越界，底線必須堅(jiān)守”，慘遭打臉。

林丹到底是不是老司機(jī)不重要，我們今天來(lái)討論一下“老司機(jī)”到底怎么翻譯。

“老司機(jī)”的直譯是experienced driver，也就是說(shuō)，這里的“老”并不一定指年紀(jì)大，而是“有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的”。中文里的“老”意思很多，“老鼠”、“老外”中的“老”跟年紀(jì)也不相關(guān)。

【例】He is a very experienced driver who has worked with us for 13 years. 他是一名經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的司機(jī)，和我們工作了13年了。

但是，如今網(wǎng)絡(luò)上流行的“老司機(jī)”跟司機(jī)其實(shí)沒(méi)有什么關(guān)系了，百度是這樣解釋的(憤青們，其實(shí)百度解釋中文還是比較精確的，別噴)：“老司機(jī)，網(wǎng)絡(luò)名詞。意為行業(yè)老手，對(duì)各種規(guī)則、內(nèi)容以及技術(shù)、玩法經(jīng)驗(yàn)老道的人?！币簿褪钦f(shuō)，“老司機(jī)”并不非得是泡妞專家或情場(chǎng)老手，只要在一個(gè)行業(yè)混得比較久的經(jīng)驗(yàn)比較豐富的人，都可以叫“老司機(jī)”，相當(dāng)于“老手”或“老江湖”。

其實(shí)非常巧，英文中正好有一個(gè)詞叫old hand和中文的“老手”精確對(duì)應(yīng)，當(dāng)然也可以對(duì)應(yīng)“老司機(jī)”。Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner's Dictionary 5th Edition是這樣解釋old hand的：If someone is an old hand at something, they are very skilled at it because they have been doing it for a long time。

【例】An old hand at photography, Tim has been shooting wildlife as a hobby for the last 13 years. 提姆是一名資深的攝影師，他的愛(ài)好是拍攝野生動(dòng)物，這一愛(ài)好已經(jīng)持續(xù)了13年。

(來(lái)源：Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner's Dictionary 5th Edition)

既然詞典說(shuō)了veteran是old hand的同義詞，那么“老司機(jī)”還可以說(shuō)成veteran。既然詞典又說(shuō)了novice是old hand的反義詞，那么novice就對(duì)應(yīng)于我們常說(shuō)的“菜鳥”。

總結(jié)一下：

old hand/ veteran /ˋv?t?r?n/ 老司機(jī)

novice /ˋnɑv?s/ 菜鳥

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