雅思閱讀總分總等段落結(jié)構(gòu)分析
明白雅思閱讀文章的段落結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)于雅思閱讀題目的解答幫助非常大,因?yàn)榇蠹抑懒宋恼陆Y(jié)構(gòu)就可以到相應(yīng)的部分去尋找閱讀題目的答案,非常省時(shí)省力。下面小編就與大家分享雅思閱讀總分總等段落結(jié)構(gòu)分析,供大家參考。
雅思閱讀總分總等段落結(jié)構(gòu)分析
一般的段落結(jié)構(gòu)可概括為六種:
一.總分段落。一般第二句話有for example/for instance之類舉例關(guān)系詞時(shí), 那么可以斷定第一句為中心句。如劍3T2section C段落可說明此問題。這種文章結(jié)構(gòu)在雅思閱讀文章中是最常見的一種。
二.總分總段落。這種段落就是在總分結(jié)構(gòu)段落最后加一個(gè)總結(jié)句。如劍3T1P3就是這種段落,通過分析此段中心句仍是第一句。這種文章結(jié)構(gòu)和上面的結(jié)構(gòu)一樣,在雅思閱讀文章中也是最常見的一種。
三.分總段落。這種段落把主題句放在了最后。如《劍橋大學(xué)老樣題》P2Q12中心句為最后一句This is a purely person-skills match approach to selection。這是個(gè)下定義句型,一般下定義的句型(A is B, A is defined as….,A is called…, The definition of A is ….)我們可以看之為中心句,這種方法在劍2T1P2B段和E段都有體現(xiàn)。這種段落結(jié)構(gòu)而后上面的兩種不一樣,這種結(jié)構(gòu)的出現(xiàn)并不多。
四.分總分段落。即在分總的基礎(chǔ)上繼續(xù)分述某些具體內(nèi)容,參見劍3T1P3Q3.
五.對(duì)比段落結(jié)構(gòu)。此種段落的特征為段落中間方向發(fā)生改變(如轉(zhuǎn)折),因此,如果段落當(dāng)中出現(xiàn)but, however, while之類轉(zhuǎn)折詞,轉(zhuǎn)折后面是重點(diǎn),可作為中心句的位置。如劍6T2P1B段。這種段落結(jié)構(gòu)在雅思閱讀文章結(jié)構(gòu)中是以說明性的科技文章比較多。
六.并列段落結(jié)構(gòu)。幾個(gè)共同的例子說明同樣的問題。如劍2T3P3A段。
以上6雅思文章的段落結(jié)構(gòu)都是一些非常常見的段落結(jié)構(gòu)形式,但是大家想要掌握這些結(jié)構(gòu)還是需要經(jīng)過多次的雅思閱讀文章的練習(xí)才能達(dá)到的。
雅思閱讀技巧:段落標(biāo)題題
Paragraph headings(段落標(biāo)題)最頻繁的題型之一
在閱讀文章的后面給出list of headings,一般是10個(gè)左右選項(xiàng),其中含一到兩個(gè)段落及其標(biāo)題的例子。要求對(duì)題目中給出的段落,根據(jù)其內(nèi)容找出與其相匹配的段落標(biāo)題。盡管題目說明中提示一個(gè)選項(xiàng)可能會(huì)適用多個(gè),但正式考試中一般一個(gè)選項(xiàng)只能用于一個(gè)段落。
段落標(biāo)題類答題步驟:
1. 首先在list of headings中劃去做為例子的heading 或headings,以免在根據(jù)段落內(nèi)容在list of headings中找出與其相匹配的段落標(biāo)題時(shí),它(它們)會(huì)干擾考試者對(duì)其他headings的選擇。
2. 在文章中把做為例子的段落劃掉,以免對(duì)例子段落進(jìn)行不必要的精讀。
3. 對(duì)題目中給出的段落,按照首句(第一、二句)、末句和中間句尋找主題句的方法,在list of headings中找出與其相匹配的段落標(biāo)題。
4. 如果時(shí)間允許,按照文章的段落順序,對(duì)非題目中給出的段落及例子段落進(jìn)行快速閱讀,而對(duì)題目中給出并要求找出與其相匹配的段落標(biāo)題的段落進(jìn)行精讀。找出其中心意思后,再在list of headings中找出與其相匹配的段落標(biāo)題。
5. 選出幾個(gè)可能匹配的題目進(jìn)行比較(通常兩至三個(gè)),當(dāng)然其中只能有一個(gè)為正確答案。
6. 對(duì)于第一種匹配題型可以將最難的題留在最后進(jìn)行匹配,不要在較難的題上花費(fèi)更多的時(shí)間,而應(yīng)選擇較易回答的題目進(jìn)行匹配,最后所剩即為該難題的答案。
7. 要仔細(xì)檢察答案,特別是第一題型,因?yàn)榇疱e(cuò)一題,就意味著答錯(cuò)兩道題。
雅思備考:如何應(yīng)對(duì)閱讀干擾項(xiàng)
一、 重要干擾項(xiàng)
重要干擾項(xiàng)就是指,這種選項(xiàng)雖然不是正確答案,卻與原文不沖突(或者很難判斷是否與原文沖突),它們與正確答案看起來比較相似,只不過不如正確答案更準(zhǔn)確、更完整或更嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。我們和小編一起來看下面的例子:
In Tarkovsky’s opinion, the attraction of the cinema is that it
A aims to impress its audience.
B tells stories better than books.
C illustrates the passing of time.
D describes familiar events.
我們可以定位到原文的C段和D段,C段提到:The frightened audience could not accept that they were watching a mere picture. Pictures were still, only reality moved; this must, therefore, be reality. In their confusion, they feared that a real train was about to crush them. 這一段文字表達(dá)了觀眾當(dāng)時(shí)的反應(yīng),觀眾們很難接受自己看到的是圖畫而不是事實(shí)。D段提到:The key to that magic was the way in which cinema created a dynamic image of the real flow of events. A still picture could only imply the existence of time, while time in a novel passed at the whim of the reader. But in cinema, the real, objective flow of time was captured. 這段文字描述了電影創(chuàng)造了事件隨時(shí)間的發(fā)展演變,并且用picture和novel進(jìn)行類比,強(qiáng)調(diào)電影的魔力是讓人清楚地看到事情流暢地隨時(shí)間演變。
根據(jù)這兩段文字所表達(dá)的意思,很多學(xué)生會(huì)選擇A或B選項(xiàng),因?yàn)樵奶峒傲擞^眾、小說(書)的內(nèi)容。A和B兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)與原文所講的內(nèi)容并不是矛盾或完全不符合的。因此,這兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)就干擾了我們正確的選擇。當(dāng)我們把這兩段文字仔細(xì)推敲之后,發(fā)現(xiàn)描述觀眾的反應(yīng)和對(duì)比書和電影的區(qū)別,都是為了表達(dá)電影的魔力在于表達(dá)事件隨時(shí)間的發(fā)展這一主題含義。C項(xiàng)的含義比AB要更準(zhǔn)確,因此答案選擇C項(xiàng)。
二、 錯(cuò)誤干擾項(xiàng)
相比之下,多選題目的錯(cuò)誤干擾項(xiàng)就較容易識(shí)別出來了。我們可以看到,有些題目中,某個(gè)選項(xiàng)與原文是直接矛盾的,那么肯定不會(huì)選擇它為正確的答案。比如:
A recent survey found that in British secondary schools,
A there was more bullying than had previously been the case.
B there was less bullying than in primary schools.
C cases of persistent bullying were very common.
D indirect forms of bullying were particularly difficult to deal with.
我們看到原文,其中有一句話是:There was less bullying in secondary schools, with about one in twenty-five suffering persistent bullying. 通過這句話,我們可以明顯地判斷出,C項(xiàng)的含義與原文是矛盾的。very common和one in twenty-five的比例是明顯不符的。因此,C選項(xiàng)就是一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的干擾項(xiàng),我們可以確定地排除答案是C項(xiàng)的可能性。
雅思備考:易混淆的關(guān)聯(lián)詞
①表示舉例
a case in point, after all, as an proof, as an illustration, as an example, for example, for instance, in particular, just as, namely, specifically, to illustrate, to demonstrate
②表示增補(bǔ)
additionally, along with, also, as well as, besides, equally, even, furthermore, in addition, just as, moreover, not only…but also…, what’s more
③表示強(qiáng)調(diào)
above all, as a matter of fact, indeed, in fact, most important, obviously, to be sure, truly, undoubtedly, without doubt
④表示比較
by comparison, equally, equally important, in comparison, in the same way, in the same manner, likewise, similarly
⑤表示讓步
admittedly, after all, all the same, although, even so, in spite of, nevertheless
⑥表示結(jié)果
accordingly, as a result, consequently, for this reason, hence, in this way, so, therefore, thus.
⑦表示轉(zhuǎn)折
although, but, despite, except for, though, however, in spite of, instead, nevertheless, on the other hand, otherwise, rather than, though, yet.
⑧表示結(jié)論
as has been noted(mentioned, stated), at last, finally, in a word, all in all, in brief, in conclusion, in short, in sum, in summary, to conclude, to sum up , to summarize.
雅思閱讀總分總等段落結(jié)構(gòu)分析
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