托福閱讀修辭目的題解題技巧
修辭目的題(rhetorical purpose questions)是新托福閱讀中難度較大的題型之一。這種題型對于國內(nèi)考生來說較為陌生，在考場上時間緊張的情況下考生往往不知該在文中什么地方找答案。下面小編給大家?guī)硗懈ｉ喿x修辭目的題解題技巧，供大家學(xué)習(xí)。
托福閱讀修辭目的題(舉例)
托福閱讀中由于詞匯題和事實(shí)信息題的出題頻率和數(shù)量較高，使得大家往往把目光聚焦在對于單詞本身和句子本身信息的理解，而對于句子和句子之間，甚至是段落與段落之間的邏輯關(guān)系理解較為弱化。托福閱讀十種題型中的修辭目的題注重考察單詞，短語或是句子在句子之內(nèi)或句子之間起到的作用，這就要求大家平時閱讀時，在涉獵原文細(xì)節(jié)信息的基礎(chǔ)之上，要有意識地注意句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系以及段落的結(jié)構(gòu)。通過練習(xí)培養(yǎng)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)木渥舆壿嬯P(guān)系和緊湊的文章構(gòu)架，對于無論是寫作還是口語都有著一定的幫助。
此次目的題參考的內(nèi)容基本可以分為三類，其一，作者在句中提到一些單詞或短語或是句子是為了舉例說明之前的相關(guān)信息點(diǎn)，輔助讀者更好地理解原文的信息。其二，作者提供相關(guān)信息目的在于解釋說明某一現(xiàn)象或是事件，本質(zhì)與舉例說明較為類似，也是為了幫助讀者更好地理解信息，其三，作者在提出某些重要的觀點(diǎn)時，為了突出個別的信息點(diǎn)，而引入一些單詞短語或句子，目的是為了強(qiáng)度。基于對修辭目的題作者寫作目的本身的分析和理解，我們可以更好地解決相關(guān)題目。以下以第一種舉例說明的情況為例，重點(diǎn)講解如何解決此類題目。
我們來看一道題，此題出自TPO14--children and advertising中的第10題，題干問why does the author mention a show about a cartoon lion in which an advertisement appears featuring the same lion character?根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到文中對應(yīng)的句子，Host selling occurs, for example, when a children's show about a cartoon lion contains an ad in which the same lion promotes a breakfast cereal.讀完句子看到句中的插入短語for example，知道此句式為例子，屬于舉例說明，我們都知道例子是用來證明之前的信息，所以向前反推，看到緊接其前這樣的內(nèi)容In the recent past, the role of celebrities in advertising to children has often been conflated with the concept of host selling. Host selling involves blending advertisements with regular programming in a way that makes it difficult to distinguish one from the other.這兩句第一句解釋了host selling，第二句提到host selling的影響，所以得知緊接其后的句子是為了例證這兩點(diǎn)信息，即host selling的概念以及它產(chǎn)生的影響。得出正確選項(xiàng)To help explain what is meant by the term "host selling" and why it can be misleading to children。
再比如TPO16中trade and the ancient middle east一文中第12題考到In paragraph 5, why does the author mention the new trade route opened up by Vasco da Gama's fifteenth century voyage around Africa?根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到原文句子：as occurred when European seafarers circumvented Middle Eastern merchants after Vasco da Gama's voyage around Africa in the late fifteenth century opened up a southern route.讀句子as表示正如…得知此處為舉例說明，例證之前的信息，看到前半句since the development of new international trade routes could undermine the monetary base and erode state power。得知提到Vasco da Gama's fifteenth century voyage around Africa目的是為了證明新的國際貿(mào)易路線的發(fā)展可能破壞貨幣基礎(chǔ)并且侵蝕國家權(quán)力。得出答案為To present an instance in which Middle Eastern states lost money and power because of their reliance on long-distance trade。
再如TPO25 The surface of mars一文中的第6題In paragraph 3, why does the author compare Maxwell Mons on Venus to the Hawaiian shield volcanoes on Earth?根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到原文句子It is no accident that Maxwell Mons on Venus and the Hawaiian shield volcanoes on Earth rise to about the same height (about 10 kilometers) above their respective bases-Earth and Venus has similar surface gravity.通過句中短語It is no accident that得知此處為舉例論證，所以向前看，緊接其前的句子為The lower the gravity, the lesser the weight and the greater the height of the mountain.可知原文想要闡述的信息是地心引力和山脈高度直接的關(guān)系，而且地心引力越低則重量越低，隨之山的高度越高，所以緊接其后比較Maxwell Mons on Venus 和the Hawaiian shield volcanoes on Earth完全是為了論證這個信息，由此容易選得正確選項(xiàng)為To help explain the relationship between surface gravity and volcano height。
通過以上的三個例子我們知道修辭目的題中，舉例論證是常考點(diǎn)，常見的表示舉例的提示性的單詞或短語有：for example/for instance/such as/as/as a example of/one of…/this is the case…等。如果題干中關(guān)鍵詞對應(yīng)原文的句子里有相關(guān)的表示例證的單詞，短語出現(xiàn)，則向前看前面的句子，答案也就隨之浮現(xiàn)出來。所以在平時的閱讀練習(xí)中，大家一定要注意句子之間邏輯關(guān)系，句與句之間不是互相獨(dú)立的，而是緊密聯(lián)系，互相支撐，構(gòu)建段落，甚至是全文。
托福閱讀：修辭目的題的解法
本質(zhì)上講：對作者意圖的提問
形式上講：
Why does the author mention/discuss …?
The author mentions/discusses … in order to ______.
The author uses … as an example of_____.
等等
做這類題目時有些同學(xué)往往會出現(xiàn)黑人問號，我怎么知道作者怎么想的!
其實(shí)，這類題目和托福其他題目一樣，都是有套路的。至少，托福閱讀里的修辭目的題是不會要求考生們對鍋里的魚眼里“詭異的光”進(jìn)行理解的。
言歸正傳，那么做這類題目的套路究竟是什么呢?
首先我們要知道托福文章結(jié)構(gòu)有一個規(guī)律，就是claim(觀點(diǎn))+detail(s)，換句話說就是給出一個觀點(diǎn)，然后用一個或者若干個細(xì)節(jié)或者例子來支撐前面的觀點(diǎn)。
不論是從文章整體架構(gòu)，段落結(jié)構(gòu)，還是更微觀的行文結(jié)構(gòu)來看，一般來說這個規(guī)律都成立。而修辭目的題實(shí)質(zhì)上就是出題人把一個detail拎出來問你，作者為什么要提到這個detail。到這里，問題的關(guān)鍵就變成了找到這個detail對應(yīng)的claim究竟在哪里。
最簡單的模型就是，claim后面就一個detail支撐，這種情況下，自然detail前面緊挨著的那句話就是作者的觀點(diǎn)，即提到這個detail的目的是為了說明前面的這個觀點(diǎn)。
然而有時候，作者會用不止一個detail來支撐最前面的claim，模型視圖如下
Claim+ detail 1 + detail 2 + detail 3
這種時候，如果出題人把detail 3拎出來問你它的目的，顯然答案就不是為了支持緊挨著它的前面那句話了，而應(yīng)該是遙相支持前面的前面的前面的那個claim。
根據(jù)以上原理，我們總結(jié)出了一個做題步驟，幫助大家高效地找到這個claim。
簡言之，
1. 找出題目中的關(guān)鍵詞
2. 用關(guān)鍵詞定位原文
3. 按照原句 -- 前面1~2句 -- 段落第一句的順序找到claim
4. 根據(jù)原文claim找到對應(yīng)選項(xiàng)
可以看出，步驟1和2是在文章中找到題目里提到的detail的位置，當(dāng)然，如果文中已經(jīng)給你highligh出來了的話這兩個步驟就省掉了
而步驟3才是在找claim
下面，我們來進(jìn)行一個實(shí)操應(yīng)用：
In paragraph 1, what is the author's purpose in providing examples of how organisms are destroyed?
○To emphasize how surprising it is that so many fossils exist
○To introduce a new geologic theory of fossil preservation
○To explain why the fossil record until now has remained incomplete
○To compare how fossils form on land and in water
很明顯，這道題需要我們自己去找到detail的位置，所以我們要從第1個步驟開始做起：找出題目中的關(guān)鍵詞
examples of how organisms are destroyed(生物被摧毀的例子)
第2步，我們要拿著關(guān)鍵詞到段落里面去找detail對應(yīng)的原句，即哪里有提到生物被摧毀的例子
Paragraph 1: When one considers the many ways by which organisms are completely destroyed after death, it is remarkable that fossils are as common as they are. Attack by scavengers and bacteria, chemical decay, and destruction by erosion and other geologic agencies make the odds against preservation very high. However, the chances of escaping complete destruction are vastly improved if the organism happens to have a mineralized skeleton and dies in a place where it can be quickly buried by sediment. Both of these conditions are often found on the ocean floors, where shelled invertebrates (organisms without spines) flourish and are covered by the continuous rain of sedimentary particles. Although most fossils are found in marine sedimentary rocks, they also are found in terrestrial deposits left by streams and lakes. On occasion, animals and plants have been preserved after becoming immersed in tar or quicksand, trapped in ice or lava flows, or engulfed by rapid falls of volcanic ash.
我們看下來后會發(fā)現(xiàn)有且僅有紅色部分是一些摧毀生物的具體例子，清道夫、細(xì)菌、化學(xué)侵蝕等等，至此我們完成了第2步，定位出了detail對應(yīng)的原句。
第3步，到這句話的前面找它對應(yīng)的claim，這道題里，它前面只有一句話，那讓我們來驗(yàn)證一下這是不是這個detail所支撐的觀點(diǎn)呢?
When one considers the many ways by which organisms are completely destroyed after death, it is remarkable that fossils are as common as they are.
(當(dāng)一個人知道生物死后會被如此多的方式所完全分解毀滅，那他就會感嘆世界上化石如此普遍有多不可思議)
看起來邏輯上可以成為生物被摧毀的例子所支撐的對象吧
那我們現(xiàn)在來做第4步，根據(jù)找出來的claim去選出最接近的選項(xiàng)
In paragraph 1, what is the author's purpose in providing examples of how organisms are destroyed?
○To emphasize how surprising it is that so many fossils exist
○To introduce a new geologic theory of fossil preservation
○To explain why the fossil record until now has remained incomplete
○To compare how fossils form on land and in water
選項(xiàng)1是不是就是我們找出來的claim的同義復(fù)述呀?答案就是它了!
All in all，只要把握好題型背后的原理，媽媽再也不用擔(dān)心你做不好修辭目的題了!
托福閱讀修辭目的題全解析
一、 什么是修辭?
首先要弄懂的問題是什么叫做修辭(rhetorical)?這里所指的修辭不同于咱們語文課上學(xué)的"比喻、擬人、排比、對偶、移情"等等，這些都是具體的修辭手法。托福閱讀中的修辭含義更廣，它包括舉例子 "下定義、闡述、解釋、對比、反駁、強(qiáng)調(diào)、批評"等。 根據(jù)官方指南(official guide)英文版第三版42頁的說法，這里的修辭是指"有效寫作或演講的藝術(shù)"，也就是說，某個具體信息可能是為了給某個觀點(diǎn)舉例子，下定義，或者是為了闡述、解釋、對比、反駁、強(qiáng)調(diào)、批評某個觀點(diǎn)。而這里說的具體信息可能是一個詞、一句話甚至是一個段落。
二、托福 閱讀考察什么能力?
如果說事實(shí)信息題是問作者給出了哪個細(xì)節(jié)或信息的話，修辭目的題則是問為什么給出某個具體信息或細(xì)節(jié)。由此我們可以知道修辭目的題實(shí)際考察的同學(xué)們在閱讀中"角色轉(zhuǎn)換"的能力，也就是把自己想成是作者，揣摩作者寫某個詞、某句話，或某一段的意圖能力。說到這兒同學(xué)們可能會說：考試的時候我很緊張，根本沒有心思把自己想成是作者，再去猜他/她當(dāng)時寫的時候是怎么想的，是不是這道題我就做不對了?"。其實(shí)大可不必?fù)?dān)心，因?yàn)樽髡邔懽魇怯幸欢ǖ倪壿嬳樞蛟诶锩娴模唧w信息出現(xiàn)的位置也是有一定規(guī)律的，下面我將給大家分析一下托福閱讀文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，看完這個結(jié)構(gòu)大家就會對作者的寫作順序有一個較明晰的了解。
三、托福閱讀結(jié)構(gòu)分析--作者寫作意圖的線索
托福閱讀的題材多種多樣，但總體而言議論文、說明文偏多，也有少數(shù)是記敘文，如名人生平等。但不管哪一種其文章結(jié)構(gòu)都有基本的規(guī)律，即"板塊式結(jié)構(gòu)"。也就是說文章有總論點(diǎn)(Thesis Statement)，每段也有各自的論點(diǎn)，段落中的內(nèi)容是為了闡述段落論點(diǎn)，最終是為了論證文章論點(diǎn)服務(wù)的。為一目了然，以下圖表示文章結(jié)構(gòu)：
由此可見，文章段落中具體的信息應(yīng)該是為段落論點(diǎn)服務(wù)的，而其最終目的是文章的總論點(diǎn)。
四、托福 閱讀題目分類
修辭目的題按提問對象分大致可分三類：一是問具體信息的目的、二是問段落目的、三是問段落組織結(jié)構(gòu)。其中第一種出現(xiàn)的次數(shù)最多，其中又以舉例目的題出現(xiàn)頻率最高。因而以下重點(diǎn)介紹第一類的解法
五、找答案--三步走
舉例目的題是修辭目的題中出現(xiàn)多、代表性強(qiáng)的一類。經(jīng)過上述分析，相信大家已經(jīng)對舉例的目的有所了解，即：例子是為了證明論點(diǎn)的。而很多時候在具體信息，也就是例子之前還有一個具體的論點(diǎn)(statement)，因此例子的目的也就有三個層次：
1. 例子之前general statement
2. 段落的TS
3. 文章的TS
這也就意味著我們再解修辭目的題的時候有了尋找的目標(biāo)和方向。也就是，當(dāng)問到修辭的目的，尤其是具體信息的目的時，首先需要關(guān)注的就是具體信息之前的那句話，如果選項(xiàng)中沒有則尋找其所在段落的中心句，(具體尋找中心句的方法請關(guān)注新東方教師講解系列的其他文章)，如果還沒有則需要回顧一下全文的中心句，再比照選項(xiàng)，選擇意義相同的選項(xiàng)。
為了讓大家進(jìn)一步體會這個"三步走"戰(zhàn)略，這里以Test Practice Online 中的一道托福 閱讀題為例實(shí)踐一下我們的解法：
Paragraph 1 : The United States dancer Loie Fuller (1862-1928) found theatrical dance in the late nineteenth century artistically unfulfilling. She considered herself an artist rather than a mere entertainer, and she, in turn, attracted the notice of other artists。
Paragraph 5 : As her technological expertise grew more sophisticated, so did the other aspects of her dances. Although she gave little thought to music in her earliest dances, she later used scores by Gluck, Beethoven, Schubert, Chopin, and Wagner, eventually graduating to Stravinsky, Fauré, Debussy, and Mussorgsky, composers who were then considered progressive. She began to address more ambitious themes in her dances such as The Sea, in which her dancers invisibly agitated a huge expanse of silk, played upon by colored lights. Always open to scientific and technological innovations, she befriended the scientists Marie and Pierre Curie upon their discovery of radium and created a Radium Dance, which simulated the phosphorescence of that element. She both appeared in films-then in an early stage of development-and made them herself; the hero of her fairy-tale film Le Lys de la Vie (1919) was played by René Clair, later a leading French film director。
9. Why does the author mention Fuller's The Sea?
A.To point out a dance of Fuller's in which music did not play an important role
B.To explain why Fuller sometimes used music by progressive composers
C. To illustrate a particular way in which Fuller developed as an artist
D. To illustrate how Fuller's interest in science was reflected in her work
這是一道修辭目的題中問舉例目的的題，這道題得答案如果沒有"三步走"的解法指導(dǎo)一時間很難看出來。但根據(jù)"三步走"解法，大家便能在比較短的時間內(nèi)找到答案。首先發(fā)現(xiàn)the sea 所在的段落中心句應(yīng)該是第一句：As her technological expertise grew more sophisticated, so did the other aspects of her dances. 也就是說她除了舞蹈中的科技水平提高以外，其它方面也提高了。那這一段應(yīng)該將具體哪幾個方面有了提高。由此這一段又可以分成四個部分，也就是TS之后的四句話，每句話講了她一個方面的提高?？梢园l(fā)現(xiàn)The Sea是出現(xiàn)在這一段除TS之外的第2句話中，而這句話前半部分給出了一個general statement, 即She began to address more ambitious themes in her dances。此時如果選項(xiàng)中有意思相同的就可以選出正確答案了，和可惜這道題的答案并不那么明顯，所以我們繼續(xù)走第二步，找段落TS。這一段的TS是這一段的第一句，即As her technological expertise grew more sophisticated, so did the other aspects of her dances. 發(fā)現(xiàn)題目中也沒有明顯與之對應(yīng)的選項(xiàng)。那只剩下第三步，找文章的TS。這篇文章的TS比較明顯，在第一段的后半部分(事實(shí)上第一段本身就很短，可以看做一個整體作為TS)。大家可以看出第一段是說Loie Fuller這個人不滿足于19世紀(jì)晚期的戲劇性舞蹈，她認(rèn)為自己是一位藝術(shù)家而不僅僅是位舞者。由此我們可以看出全文的中心應(yīng)該是論證她為成為藝術(shù)家而努力，這和選項(xiàng)C的意思是吻合的。因而此題根據(jù)三步法，答案在第三個層面，及全文的TS， C 是正確選項(xiàng)。
綜上，修辭目的題考察了考生的角色轉(zhuǎn)換能力。通過對出題原理和作者寫作邏輯的分析我們可以總結(jié)出"三步走"的解法規(guī)律，以在考場上用最短的時間找到正確答案。相信有了這個框架，大家一定能明白考場上修辭目的題得答案應(yīng)該往哪兒找，從而層層考察，找出答案。
托福閱讀10種題型剖析
新托?？荚嘜G列出了閱讀的10種題型：
1. Factual information questions (純粹細(xì)節(jié))
2. Negative factual information questions (否定細(xì)節(jié))
3. Inference questions (推理題)
4. Rhetorical purpose questions (修辭目的題)
5. Vocabulary questions (詞匯題)
6. Reference questions (指代題)
7. Sentence simplification questions (句子簡化題)
8. Insert text question (句子插入題)
9. Prose summary (內(nèi)容摘要題)
10. Fill in a table (表格歸類題)
但實(shí)際上，新托?？荚囬喿x當(dāng)中還考了一些OG中沒列舉出來的題目：
一.段間關(guān)系概括題：這種題目要求考生概括出2個自然段間的邏輯關(guān)系。比如說《THE CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION》這篇文章的第6題。
6. Which of the following best describes the relationship between Paragraph2 and Paragraph3?
Paragraph2 puts forward several scientific claims, one of which is rejected in Paragraph3
Paragraph2 poses several questions, and Paragraph3offers a possible answer to one of them
Paragraph2 presents outdated traditional views, while Paragraph3presents the current scientific conclusions.
Paragraph2 introduces a generalization that is illustrated by specific examples in Paragraph3
二.修辭手法題：這種題目是修辭目的的變體。OG中大多數(shù)題目只考察一個詞組的修辭目的，而實(shí)際考試會對一句話甚至整段話的修辭目的進(jìn)行考察。一個是考修辭對象，一個是考修辭的手段。比如說，《Meteorite Impact and Dinosaur Extinction》這篇文章第2題：
2. In paragraph 2, why does the author include the information that dinosaurs had flourished for tens of millions of years and then suddenly disappeared?
To support the claim that the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous is the best-documented of the dozen or so mass extinctions in the geological record
To explain why as many as half of the species on Earth at the time are believed to have become extinct at the end of the Cretaceous
To explain why paleontologists have always been intrigued by the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous
To provide evidence that an impact can be large enough to disturb the environment of the entire planet and cause an ecological disaster
三.段落結(jié)構(gòu)題：這里題目考查的是文章段落的構(gòu)架，可以算是新題型。比如：《THE ORIGINS OF THEATER》這篇文章的第9題，
9. Which of the following best describes the organization of paragraph 5?
The author presents two theories for a historical phenomenon.
The author argues against theories expressed earlier in the passage.
The author argues for replacing older theories with a new one.
The author points out problems with two popular theories.
四. 段落主題題：這種題目考查的是整個段落的主題，可以說是老托福閱讀段落主題題的延續(xù)：
比如《Petroleum Resources》這篇文章的12題：
12.In paragraph 6, the author’s primary purpose is to
Provide examples of how oil exploration can endanger the environment
Describe accidents that have occurred when oil activities were in progress
Give an analysis of the effects of oil spills on the environment
Explain how technology and legislation help reduce oil spills
五. 雙選題：其實(shí)不僅僅在聽力考試之中有雙選題，閱讀考試之中也是有雙選題的，只是ETS有可能覺得這點(diǎn)并不重要，因此沒有通知偶們，例子請見：《The Geologic History of the Mediterranean》這篇文章第5題。
5. Select the TWO answer choice from paragraph 3 that identify materials discovered in the deepest part of the Mediterranean basin. To receive credit you must select TWO answers.
Volcanic rock fragments.
This silt layers
Soft, deep-sea mud
Crystalline salt
以及《THE RISE OF TEOTIHUACAN》這篇文章第11題：
11. Select the TWO answer choices that are mentioned in paragraph 5 as being features of Teotihuacán that may have attracted immigrants to the city. To receive credit, you must select TWO answers.
The prosperity of the elite
Plenty of available housing
Opportunities for well-paid agricultural employment
The presence of one or more religious shrines
除此以外，OG對于新托福考試閱讀題型的呈現(xiàn)方法也與真實(shí)考試有一定距離，如：
一.細(xì)節(jié)題的閱讀跨度：OG中大多數(shù)題目只考一段，但是實(shí)際考試會有一道題目考2段、甚至是3段的情況。比如《GROUNDWATER》這篇文章的第10題：
10. According to paragraphs 6 and 7, why is basalt unlike most crystalline forms of rock?
It is unusually solid
It often has high porosity.
It has a low proportion of empty space.
It is highly permeable.
二.句子改寫題的句子復(fù)雜性：真實(shí)考題比OG中的句子改寫題要長很多，而且邏輯關(guān)系也更復(fù)雜。
三.指代題：OG指代題考得不少，真實(shí)考試指代題考得很少。
四.選項(xiàng)長度:真題的選項(xiàng)長度長很多。
五.細(xì)節(jié)題題干關(guān)鍵字沒有在原文直接給出。這讓考生定位細(xì)節(jié)難度大幅度增加。不過說句公道話，其實(shí)在老托?？荚嚲鸵呀?jīng)這樣了，并不是在新托?？荚囍歇?dú)有的。比如《Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer》這篇文章的第11題。
11.Paragraph 5 mentions which of the following as a source of difficulty for some farmers who try to conserve water?
Crops that do not need much water are difficult to grow in the High Plains.
Farmers who grow crops that need a lot of water make higher profits.
Irrigating less frequently often leads to crop failure.
Few farmers are convinced that the aquifer will eventually run dry.
六. 文章的復(fù)雜程度：這個也不用說了，OG的文章結(jié)構(gòu)性非常明顯，就好像看CCAV的新聞聯(lián)播一樣;真實(shí)考試的文章結(jié)構(gòu)糾結(jié)多了，就好像看本屆世界杯一樣。比如：《The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems》和《Colonizing the Americas via the Northwest Coast》這兩篇文章。
托福閱讀修辭目的題解題技巧相關(guān)文章：
10.雅思托福閱讀對比