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學(xué)習(xí)啦 > 學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ) > 英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)方法 > 詞類和句子成分語(yǔ)法知識(shí)

詞類和句子成分語(yǔ)法知識(shí)

時(shí)間: 慧良1230 分享

詞類和句子成分語(yǔ)法知識(shí)

  任何一門(mén)語(yǔ)言都是由詞構(gòu)成句,句構(gòu)成段,段構(gòu)成篇。小編在這里整理了相關(guān)知識(shí),希望能幫助到大家。

  詞類和句子成分語(yǔ)法知識(shí)

  關(guān)于詞類和句子成分

  根據(jù)詞的形式、意義及其在句中的功用將詞分為若干類,叫做詞類。一個(gè)句子由各個(gè)功用不同的部分所構(gòu)成,這些部分叫做句子成分。

  學(xué)一個(gè)詞,要學(xué)它的發(fā)音、拼法、意義,也要記它的詞類;更重要的是要了解它和其他詞的關(guān)系,及其在句中作什么句子成分。如China is in East Asia(中國(guó)位于東亞)一句中的China這個(gè)單詞所屬的詞類是名詞,在句子中作主語(yǔ)。

  詞類(parts of speech)

  英語(yǔ)的詞通常分為十大類:

  1)名詞(noun,縮寫(xiě)為n.)是人和事物的名稱,如pen(鋼筆),English(英語(yǔ)),life(生活)。

  2)代詞(pronoun,縮寫(xiě)為pron.)是用來(lái)代替名詞的詞,如we(我們),his(他的),all(全部)。

  3)形容詞(adjective,縮寫(xiě)為adj.)用來(lái)修飾名詞,如great(偉大的),honest(誠(chéng)實(shí)的),difficult(困難的)。

  4)數(shù)詞(numeral,縮寫(xiě)為num.)是表示"多少"和"第幾"的詞,如four(四),eighteen(十八),first(第一),eighth(十八),hundred(一百)。

  5)動(dòng)詞(verb,縮寫(xiě)為v)表示動(dòng)作和狀態(tài),如write(寫(xiě)),walk(行走),think(想)。

  6)副詞(adverb,縮寫(xiě)為。adv.)是修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞和副詞的詞,如quickly(快),often(經(jīng)常),very(很)。

  7)冠詞(article,縮寫(xiě)為art.)說(shuō)明名詞所指的人或物的詞,如a,an(一個(gè)),the(這,那)。

  8)介詞(preposition,縮寫(xiě)為prep.)表示名詞(或代詞)與句子里其它詞的關(guān)系,如from(從),in(在…內(nèi)),between(在…之間)。

  9)連詞(conjunction,縮寫(xiě)為conj.)是連接詞、短語(yǔ)、從句和句子的詞,如and(和),because(因?yàn)?,if(假如)。

  10)感嘆詞(interjection,縮寫(xiě)為int.)表示感情,如。oh(噢),aha(啊哈),hush(噓)。

  [注一]屬于前六類(名、代、形、數(shù)、動(dòng)、副等詞)的詞都有實(shí)義,叫做實(shí)詞(notional word)。屬于后四類(冠、介、連、感等詞)的詞沒(méi)有實(shí)義,叫做虛詞(form word)

  主系表結(jié)構(gòu)

  不要把這種結(jié)構(gòu)看得很神秘,I am handsome.( 我很俊 ) 就是一個(gè)主系表結(jié)構(gòu),形容詞 handsome 來(lái)表明主語(yǔ)--I 的樣子。如果為了比較兩個(gè)人或物的不同,我們就會(huì)用到比較級(jí)。如:

  I am more handsome than he ( is ). 我比他英俊得多。

  English is easier Chinese to learn. 英語(yǔ)比漢語(yǔ)好學(xué)。

  Modern trains are faster than cars. 現(xiàn)代火車比汽車快。

  Coffee tastes better than tea. 咖啡比茶好喝。

  You look better today than yesterday. 你今天比昨天好多了。

  在比較的對(duì)象很明白的時(shí)候,我們可以不要 than 和后面的對(duì)象:I am more handsome.(我更英俊。)

  Coffee tastes better than tea. 咖啡比茶好喝。

  主謂結(jié)構(gòu)

  主謂結(jié)構(gòu)中比較級(jí)的使用,是為解釋副詞比較級(jí)的用法。用于比較動(dòng)作發(fā)生的強(qiáng)度、頻度等的不同。

  I work harder than he does. 我比他學(xué)習(xí)用功。

  He does his homework more carefully than Sam. 他做作業(yè)比Sam細(xì)心。

  Lily jumped higher than anyone else. Lily 跳得比任何人都高。

  Mr. Sawyer arrived home later than his children. 索耶先生比他的孩子們到家晚。

  比較級(jí)用 and 連接,表達(dá)“越來(lái)越......”【重點(diǎn)】

  It's getting hotter and hotter. 天氣越來(lái)越熱。

  I learn English harder and harder. 我越來(lái)越努力學(xué)英語(yǔ)。

  “the 比較級(jí)......,the 比較級(jí)......”用于表達(dá)“越......,就越......”【重點(diǎn)】

  The more we get together, the happier will be. 我們?cè)皆谝黄?,就越開(kāi)心。

  The more noble,the more humble. 越高尚,越謙虛。

  The harder the more fortunate. 越努力,越幸運(yùn)。

  各種成分的詳細(xì)解析

  主語(yǔ)

  主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)講述的對(duì)象,表示所說(shuō)的“是什么”或“是誰(shuí)”。一般由名詞、代詞、不定代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的單詞或短語(yǔ)來(lái)充當(dāng),也有從句充當(dāng)?shù)默F(xiàn)象。大多數(shù)主語(yǔ)都在句首。

  如:

  講述“誰(shuí)” We work in a big factory.

  講述“什么” The classroom is very big.

  數(shù)詞作主語(yǔ) Three are enough.

  從句作主語(yǔ) What we need is food. 我們最需要的是食物.

  ▲ 在“There be …”句型中,主語(yǔ)的位置在中間。如:

  There are some bottles of milk in the box.

  ▲ 在個(gè)別句型中,主語(yǔ)在整個(gè)句子后面,這時(shí)前面用it作形式主語(yǔ)。如:

  It is very interesting toplay the game called “treat or trick”.

  It took two workers aboutthree months to build the house.

  謂語(yǔ)

  謂語(yǔ)時(shí)用來(lái)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么樣”,謂語(yǔ)必須是動(dòng)詞,謂語(yǔ)和主語(yǔ)在“人稱”和“數(shù)”兩方面必須一致。

  如:He is very generous.

  She looks very smart and cool

  We have finished the job.

  He can speak German.

  表語(yǔ)

  表語(yǔ)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)“是什么”或“怎么樣”,由名詞、形容詞、介詞、副詞、不定式及相當(dāng)于名詞的詞或短語(yǔ)來(lái)充當(dāng),它的位置在系動(dòng)詞后面。

  形容詞作表語(yǔ)

  You look youngerthan before. 名詞作表語(yǔ)

  Myfather is a teacher. 副詞作表語(yǔ)

  Everyone is here. 介詞短語(yǔ)作表語(yǔ)

  They are at the theatre.不定式作表語(yǔ)

  My job is to teach them English. 動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)

  Her job is training the nurses.從句作表語(yǔ)

  賓語(yǔ)

  ▲賓語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作、行為的對(duì)象,由名詞、代詞、不定式、或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞或短語(yǔ)或從句來(lái)充當(dāng),它和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一起說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)是什么,通常放在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后面。有時(shí),會(huì)有雙賓語(yǔ)。

  如:

  名詞作賓語(yǔ) He never forgives others for their mistakes.

  代詞做賓語(yǔ) He often helps me.

  不定式作賓語(yǔ) He likes to sleep in theopen air.

  動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)The Americans enjoyed livingin China.

  從句做賓語(yǔ) I believe that they can finish the work intime.

  ▲直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)

  及物動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ)時(shí),后面要跟賓語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)分直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)。直接賓語(yǔ)是及物動(dòng)詞的對(duì)象。但有些動(dòng)詞除了直接賓語(yǔ)外,還需要有一個(gè)間接賓語(yǔ),間接賓語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)動(dòng)作是對(duì)誰(shuí)做的,所以只能用名詞或代詞來(lái)充當(dāng)。如:

  We brought themsome food.

  主 謂 間賓 直賓

  間接賓語(yǔ)可以放在直接賓語(yǔ)后面,但必須加to 或 for。

  賓補(bǔ)

  在英語(yǔ)的句子中有些句子里只有賓語(yǔ)并不能表達(dá)完整的意思,還必須在賓語(yǔ)后面加上賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)才能表達(dá)完整的意思。我們把“賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)”合起來(lái)稱為復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)所表達(dá)的意思相當(dāng)于一個(gè)巨資的意思。名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞都可以作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ).

  如:

  名詞作賓補(bǔ)If you let me go, I’ll make you king.

  形容詞作賓補(bǔ) Don’t make your hands dirty.

  副詞作賓補(bǔ) We found Li Ming out when we arrived.

  介詞短語(yǔ)作賓補(bǔ)Make yourself at home.

  省略to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)I saw a girl go into the building.

  帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ) The boy ordered the dog to lie down.

  現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)The boss kept them working all day.

  過(guò)去分詞作賓補(bǔ)Yesterday he got his leg broken.

  在英語(yǔ)中,常見(jiàn)的“賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)”的結(jié)構(gòu)有:

  ▲“賓語(yǔ)+名詞”。常用于改結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞有:call, name, make, find, choose, think, leave等。

  We call himJack.

  They made Li Lei their monitor.

  ▲“賓語(yǔ)+形容詞”。常見(jiàn)的動(dòng)詞有think, believe, leave, drive, make, keep, turn, wish, want等。

  如:Do you think his idea wrong?

  We must keep our classroom clean.

  We can’t leave him alone.

  ▲“賓語(yǔ)+副詞”。副詞作賓補(bǔ)常表示賓語(yǔ)的狀態(tài),與賓語(yǔ)有邏輯上的主表關(guān)系。常見(jiàn)的副詞有:down, up, here, there, home, in, out, anywhere等。

  如:Let him in/ out.

  Mr. Li droveus home.

  When got there, we found him out.

  ▲“賓語(yǔ)+介詞短語(yǔ)”。介詞短語(yǔ)作賓補(bǔ)常表示其邏輯主語(yǔ)(即賓語(yǔ))所處的狀態(tài),兩者有主表的關(guān)系。

  如:We found everything in good order.

  We regard him as our good friend.

  He opened the door and found some of his friends in the rain.

  ▲“賓語(yǔ)+不定式”

  充當(dāng)賓補(bǔ)的不定式有三種:

  A 要求帶to的不定式

  B要求不帶to的不定式let, make, see, hear, watch等

  C 單詞help 后可加 to 或不加 to

  ▲“賓語(yǔ)+現(xiàn)在分詞”

  現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ),此時(shí)在該句型中的賓語(yǔ)即為現(xiàn)在分詞邏輯上的主語(yǔ),有著主謂關(guān)系。

  I saw them playing on the playground.

  I heard Mary singingin the classroom.

  ▲“賓語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞”。

  賓語(yǔ)和賓補(bǔ)之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)和完成。

  I had my bikestolen.

  The teacherexplained again and again to make himself understood.

  ▲ 形式賓語(yǔ)+形容詞

  We found itimpossible to get there before Saturday.

  ▲賓語(yǔ)+what從句

  Call me what you like. Mr. Li has made the factory what it istoday.

  The mountain village is different from what it wasten years ago.

  定語(yǔ)

  ▲定語(yǔ)用來(lái)修飾名詞或代詞。形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式或相當(dāng)于形容詞的詞或短語(yǔ)等都可以充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)。因?yàn)樗切揎椕~或代詞的,而名詞和代詞可以作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),所以定語(yǔ)的位置很靈活,凡是有名詞、代詞的地方都可以有定語(yǔ)。

  如:

  形容詞作定語(yǔ) The black bike is mine.

  代詞作定語(yǔ) What’s your name?

  名詞作定語(yǔ) They madesome paper flowers.

  介詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ) The boys inthe room are in Class Three, Grade One.

  從句作定語(yǔ) The tall boy whois standing there is Peter.

  ▲修飾不定代詞 something, anything, nothing, something, anyone, somebody,anybody, nobody 的定語(yǔ)必須后置。

  如:We’ll go to have something English.

  If you don’t know the answer, ask someone else.

  Do you have anything important totell me?

  ▲介詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)要后置。

  如:Do you know the boy behind thetree?

  The students in the room are all my friends.

  I think the picture on the left is better than the one on the right.

  ▲動(dòng)詞的不定式作定語(yǔ)時(shí)要后置

  What about something to drink?

  I have no time to travel to China is in Autumn or in Spring.

  ▲near by,below, downstairs等個(gè)別方位詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)要后置。

  如:

  We are at the topof the hill. Can you see the village below?

  The people downstairs are listening to a talk now?

  狀語(yǔ)

  狀語(yǔ)用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或副詞。它表示行為發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、目的、方式、程度等,一般由副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式,從句或相當(dāng)于副詞的詞或短語(yǔ)來(lái)充當(dāng)。狀語(yǔ)一般放在句末,但有時(shí)也可以放在句首、句中。

  如:

  He did it carefully(程度狀語(yǔ))

  They missed me very much.(程度狀語(yǔ))

  Without his help, we couldn’t work itout.(條件狀語(yǔ))

  In order to catch up with my classmates,I must study hard.(目的狀語(yǔ))

  When I was young, I could swim well.(時(shí)間狀語(yǔ))

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