托福聽(tīng)力lecture并列型分析，你學(xué)會(huì)了嗎
為了幫助大家備考托福聽(tīng)力，提高托福成績(jī)。今天為大家分享的是托福聽(tīng)力聽(tīng)力lecture并列型分析，希望能給大家的托福聽(tīng)力帶來(lái)幫助。
托福聽(tīng)力lecture并列型分析，你學(xué)會(huì)了嗎?
之前我們介紹了托福聽(tīng)力lecture的并列型結(jié)構(gòu)，一般是圍繞某一個(gè)主題并列平行展開(kāi)去講解。這類(lèi)結(jié)構(gòu)沒(méi)有之前我們見(jiàn)到的直線(xiàn)型結(jié)構(gòu)那么好區(qū)分，因?yàn)樗麤](méi)有明顯的表示時(shí)間地點(diǎn)人物的信號(hào)詞，但是這種結(jié)構(gòu)類(lèi)型是我們TPO和考試中出現(xiàn)的比較多的結(jié)構(gòu)類(lèi)型。我們這次分析一篇按并列結(jié)構(gòu)分層的一篇文章
今天我們以TPO34-L2為例，給大家講解一下。
At the end of yesterday’s class, we were discussing landfills and the hundreds of millions of tons of everyday garbage which are deposited into them each year in the United States. It’s a growing problem! Quite simply, we are running out of space to put our garbage. And this is especially true for solid organic waste: food scraps from home or food processing plants, waste from farms, that sort of thing. Did you know that two thirds of the waste sitting in our landfills is organic material? We have government recycling programs for materials like plastics, glass and metal, yet widespread solutions for organic waste materials haven’t really been addressed in the United States. I think this is just asking for trouble in the future. 首先這篇文章先描述了上節(jié)課所講述的內(nèi)容，landfill這種垃圾處理的方式，并且詳細(xì)描述了這種方式的不足之處，從而引出后面的主題，一種新的垃圾處理的方法APS
So today I want to talk about a technology that offers a potential solution to the problem—Anaerobic Phased Solids digestion, or APS digestion.
First of all, what does anaerobic mean? Anyone?
Without oxygen?老師和學(xué)生以問(wèn)答的形式開(kāi)始討論今天的新內(nèi)容Anaerobic Phased Solids digestion，
Correct! APS digestion uses anaerobic bacteria, ones that thrive in the absence of oxygen, to consume, to break down organic material. 所謂的Anaerobic就是沒(méi)有氧氣，這種生詞的處理方式我們之前是講到很多遍的，不需要糾結(jié)生詞的字母意思，但是后面的解釋一定要聽(tīng)清楚。
Excuse me. Professor. Um…those anaerobic bacteria you are talking about…well, aren’t anaerobic bacteria also used in waste water treatment plants?緊接著學(xué)生提出了疑問(wèn)，這點(diǎn)非常重要相當(dāng)于指出了第二種處理垃圾的方式，這點(diǎn)是同學(xué)們很容易忽略掉的一點(diǎn)：以前曾經(jīng)用這種方式去處理廢水
Yes. They are. Would you like to explain this to the class?老師以問(wèn)題的方式引出學(xué)生的回答
Sure! So when waste water is treated, one of the byproducts is a thick liquid called sludge. And aren’t anaerobic bacteria used to break down the sludge?
That’s right. Anaerobic bacteria have been used in waste water treatment for decades.
So how is this technology different?在這里很明顯的要講到這兩種方式的不同之處。并且將會(huì)在后面的信息中講到之前這種方式的缺點(diǎn)
But there was always a problem. 這里明確提出的缺點(diǎn)
In order to process the solid waste, the kind we find in landfills, you had to pretreat the solids to turn them into sludge.
First, by breaking the material apart mechanically into small particles and then adding a lot of water until you got a kind of thick, soupy mix that the equipment could handle. But that extra step took time and required a lot of energy. 后面的信息還是用到我們之前所說(shuō)的列舉的方式舉出，這種方式不僅耗費(fèi)能量耗費(fèi)時(shí)間還會(huì)耗費(fèi)金錢(qián)，這個(gè)部分也在題目中有體現(xiàn)
That sounds like it would cost a lot.
That’s right. But APS digestion is designed specifically to handle solid waste. So it is much more cost-effective.
The new technology processes organic waste in two phases. Remember, APS stands for Anaerobic Phased Solids digestion. 這里就正事提了新的科技并且還是同樣按照列舉的方式解釋了他的兩個(gè)phase兩個(gè)階段，列舉的方式又再一次體現(xiàn)在了題目中
First, the waste material is loaded into a large, closed container, along with different types of anaerobic bacteria. The bacteria break the solids down into acids and hydrogen gas. The hydrogen is extracted and the remaining acids are transferred into a different container for the second phase of the process. There another type of bacteria converts the acids into methane gas. 在這里用頁(yè)數(shù)語(yǔ)氣的方式提出了跟之前的想法不同的新的內(nèi)容，所產(chǎn)生的methane甲烷其實(shí)是沒(méi)有害處的，因?yàn)樗粫?huì)釋放那大氣中。同樣體現(xiàn)在了題目中。
Aren’t hydrogen and methane gas bad for the environment though?
The answer in this case is no, because they don’t escape into the atmosphere. The gases are captured and can be burned to produce electricity, which saves a lot of money and ultimately decreases our need for fuels like petroleum and coal, which are not only expensive but are also polluting.
So organic waste from landfills could be processed this way?文章的最后就講到了這種方式的優(yōu)點(diǎn)
It is certainly one possibility. And APS digestion systems are very versatile. They can be installed just about anywhere. See, anaerobic digestion systems used at waste water treatment plants are huge tanks that hold thousands of gallons of waste water. But the APS containers are small enough to be set up on site, where the waste is generated, like at food processing plants or on farms. So garbage doesn’t have to be transported long distances.這個(gè)部分的有點(diǎn)描述繼續(xù)以列舉的方法進(jìn)行描述：1.方便安裝2.不用長(zhǎng)距離的運(yùn)輸廢品3.所產(chǎn)生的甲烷還可以去產(chǎn)生新的能源。
關(guān)于托福聽(tīng)力lecture的文章案例解析就先跟同學(xué)們分享到這里，如果同學(xué)們對(duì)托福考試感興趣，請(qǐng)點(diǎn)擊此處咨詢(xún)?cè)斍?。?dāng)然也提醒正在備考當(dāng)中的同學(xué)們，一定要記得在托福閱讀備考當(dāng)中，注意總結(jié)方法，而不是以為刷題，這樣復(fù)習(xí)效果會(huì)提升的快一些。
托福聽(tīng)力備考之詞匯背誦重點(diǎn)解讀
發(fā)音的重要性
考生需要認(rèn)識(shí)到的是對(duì)于讀音來(lái)說(shuō)光記住發(fā)音規(guī)則并沒(méi)有用，關(guān)鍵要學(xué)會(huì)實(shí)踐，我們往往會(huì)在看到單詞的時(shí)候才能想到適用的是什么規(guī)則，但這對(duì)于做題為時(shí)已晚，所以必須習(xí)慣聽(tīng)各種發(fā)音習(xí)慣，而不是靠規(guī)則去套。
除了口音，托福聽(tīng)力詞匯本身的讀音當(dāng)然要重視，這不僅關(guān)系到單詞的理解，還會(huì)影響到自己的口頭表達(dá)和書(shū)寫(xiě)。背單詞時(shí)應(yīng)該盡量用聽(tīng)的形式熟悉詞匯，形成聽(tīng)覺(jué)的敏感，而不僅僅是視覺(jué)上的敏感，這樣的話(huà)在聽(tīng)到單詞時(shí)就不需要去反應(yīng)單詞的形狀從而再?gòu)姆g的角度去理解，而是直接的理解了，這對(duì)于內(nèi)容繁多的托?？荚噥?lái)說(shuō)是非常重要的。
拼寫(xiě)的重要性
雖然新托福聽(tīng)力考試對(duì)寫(xiě)單詞并沒(méi)有要求，但考生也不能因此忽視拼寫(xiě)。一方面寫(xiě)作需要拼寫(xiě)，另一方面聽(tīng)力考試需要做筆記，如果考生對(duì)單詞都不熟悉，就無(wú)法快速寫(xiě)下有效信息，把時(shí)間浪費(fèi)在思考單詞上，或者寫(xiě)完后才發(fā)現(xiàn)自己很多都只寫(xiě)了單詞的部分，想不起來(lái)究竟寫(xiě)了什么，這樣的筆記就白做了。
另外，考生在記單詞拼寫(xiě)的時(shí)候還是需要結(jié)合讀音，根據(jù)音節(jié)記單詞，把單詞拆分成一小部分一小部分。這樣不僅能使記憶深刻，牢固，還可以讓考生了解字母不同組合的發(fā)音習(xí)慣。當(dāng)考試時(shí)遇到生詞就可以根據(jù)大致讀音記下來(lái)，有了單詞的基本形狀，等題目出現(xiàn)的時(shí)候就能找到對(duì)應(yīng)的信息了。
托福聽(tīng)力備考之跟讀是關(guān)鍵
想想看，在中文中如果出現(xiàn)專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯，并不會(huì)影響我們對(duì)于整句或整篇文章的理解，在托福閱讀中，偶爾出現(xiàn)的專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯也不會(huì)導(dǎo)致我們理解不了閱讀意思。那么，為什么這些偶爾出現(xiàn)的專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯會(huì)影響我們的聽(tīng)力理解呢?答案只有一個(gè)，就是我們的聽(tīng)力能力不夠。英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)寫(xiě)可以幫助我們檢閱我們英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力的弱點(diǎn)，而跟讀則可以幫助我們克服這些弱點(diǎn)，從而真正提高托福聽(tīng)力。
我們?cè)谟⒄Z(yǔ)聽(tīng)寫(xiě)的過(guò)程中，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的聽(tīng)力弱點(diǎn)：
1、對(duì)某些特定的話(huà)題聽(tīng)不懂，那么說(shuō)明你在這方面的專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯積累的相對(duì)較少，所以要加強(qiáng)。
2、對(duì)于聽(tīng)力中的句子聽(tīng)不懂，那么可能的問(wèn)題有語(yǔ)法邏輯，語(yǔ)音現(xiàn)象，比如連讀輕讀弱讀。
3、對(duì)于聽(tīng)力中的詞匯聽(tīng)不懂，可能的問(wèn)題有詞匯不熟悉，發(fā)音不熟悉。
而跟讀可以很好的解決這些問(wèn)題.因?yàn)楦x要求最終結(jié)果是能夠脫離文字并盡可能的模仿原文的語(yǔ)音語(yǔ)調(diào)。
首先，對(duì)于專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯的不懂，經(jīng)過(guò)長(zhǎng)期的跟讀就會(huì)慢慢積累詞匯。
其次，對(duì)于聽(tīng)不懂的句子， 一般跟讀也會(huì)很不順暢,踏實(shí)的進(jìn)行跟讀，首先能夠熟悉英文的邏輯思維。
然后，由于跟讀要求對(duì)語(yǔ)音語(yǔ)調(diào)完全模仿，所以可以克服對(duì)語(yǔ)音現(xiàn)象不熟悉導(dǎo)致的聽(tīng)不懂。
最后，跟讀是要說(shuō)英語(yǔ)的，跟讀的熟悉了，自然而然就能開(kāi)口說(shuō)英語(yǔ)了，對(duì)于備考托福的同學(xué)們，跟讀可以同時(shí)提高托福聽(tīng)力和托?？谡Z(yǔ)，何樂(lè)而不為!
托福聽(tīng)力中跟讀有利于培養(yǎng)和提高學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)興趣，但要持之以恒。如果過(guò)程中你實(shí)在覺(jué)得這個(gè)復(fù)雜，那么就聽(tīng)多遍之后跟著感覺(jué)走吧?？傊畬?duì)于托福聽(tīng)力，只要一步步按計(jì)劃走，堅(jiān)持不懈的練習(xí)與總結(jié)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，相信你一定會(huì)拿下高分。
托福聽(tīng)力備考之常用的習(xí)語(yǔ)
1.break new ground 創(chuàng)新、突破的意思
His architectural design broke new ground in the field. (他的建筑設(shè)計(jì)是這個(gè)領(lǐng)域里的創(chuàng)新。)
例：
As Google continues to break new ground at a tremendous rate, perhaps the button will give some impact on the Nostalgic.
谷歌一直都在以驚人的速度創(chuàng)新，但是移除這個(gè)按鈕可能會(huì)對(duì)一些懷舊的人產(chǎn)生影響。
2.do the trick 做成功;達(dá)到理想的結(jié)果
——I’ve been trying to get the furnace started, but I can’t find the right switch. (我盡力想讓爐子燃起來(lái)，可不知道該按哪個(gè)鍵。)
——Here, I believe this one in the back will do the trick. (這里，我相信后面按這個(gè)鍵，可以讓爐子燃起來(lái)。)
例：
If your friends are too busy to meet for lunch, a short phone call can do the trick要是你的朋友太忙而無(wú)法一起吃午飯，一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)短的電話(huà)也能起到很好的效果。
3.drag one's feet 行動(dòng)緩慢;磨磨蹭蹭不情愿
——How’s Bob coming along on his dissertation proposal? (Bob的論文計(jì)劃進(jìn)展地怎么樣了?)
——He’s really been dragging his feet. (他很磨蹭的。)
例如：一個(gè)百貨公司的雇員正在罷工，要求增加工資。這個(gè)公司的經(jīng)理說(shuō)：
The union is dragging its feet on agreeing to a settlement. They think the company is getting desperate to get people back to work because Christmas is coming and that's our busiest time of year.
工會(huì)拖拖拉拉地不肯就解決方案達(dá)成協(xié)議。他們認(rèn)為，公司一定會(huì)迫不及待地要雇員回去工作，因?yàn)?a href='http://www.rzpgrj.com/jierizhishi/shengdanjie/' target='_blank'>圣誕節(jié)快來(lái)了，這是我們一年最忙的時(shí)候。
4.draw the line 拒絕，拒不容忍
——Paul expects me to clean the room every week.(Paul想讓我每周打掃房間。)
——That’s where I draw the line.(可是我絕對(duì)不會(huì)答應(yīng)的。)
例如：Where do you draw the line between open discussion of project expectations, including the failure or perceived failure of initial project goals, and potentially disastrous opinion-making?
項(xiàng)目預(yù)期的開(kāi)放討論的界線(xiàn)如何確定呢(包括最初項(xiàng)目目標(biāo)的失敗或感受到的失敗和潛在的災(zāi)難性觀點(diǎn))?
5.feel down in the dumbrs 心情不好;情緒低落
——Kate was really feeling down in the dumbrs about her latest chemistry assignment.
(Kate為最近的化學(xué)作業(yè)成績(jī)感到很沮喪。)
I burned midnight oil yesterday. So I feel down in the dumbrs today.
我昨天晚上熬夜了。今天我打不起精神。
例如：
If they do feel down in the dumbrs though, they are also more likely to turn to a general brractitioner rather than family for helbr.
如果他們確實(shí)感到抑郁，他們也更傾向于向普通科醫(yī)師而不是家人求助。
6.few and far between 不多;少而分散的;不常碰到或發(fā)現(xiàn)的;稀少的
——Steve is really a terrific guy. (Steve真是不簡(jiǎn)單。)
——He sure is. Ones like him are few and far between. (當(dāng)然。像他那樣的人可不多見(jiàn)。)
例如：If you wait for inspiration to slap you in the face, your work sessions will be few and far between.
對(duì)于一些俗語(yǔ)的托福詞匯，我們要多加總結(jié)，并要認(rèn)真背誦，這對(duì)你的托?？荚噷⒋笥幸嫣?。相信大家一定有所收獲，希望能在備考的路上助大家一臂之力。最后，小編預(yù)祝大家在托?？荚囍腥〉煤贸煽?jī)。
以下這些是小編整理出來(lái)的習(xí)語(yǔ)，童鞋們要好好背下來(lái)哦!
1. take a rain check 改天吧
2. lost count 弄不清楚
3. be in another world 精神恍惚;魂不守舍
4. make yourself at home 隨意，隨便
5. save your breath 省口氣吧，別白費(fèi)口舌了
6. make sense 有意義，理解
7. cost sb. an arm and a leg 非常昂貴
8. burn a hole in one's pocket 很快地被花光
9. fill one's shoes 很好地頂替;令人滿(mǎn)意地替代
10. Is ice cold? 表示理所當(dāng)然
11. like apples and oranges 用來(lái)表示無(wú)法相比的事物
12. look for a needle in a hay stack 大海勞針
13. lose one's train of 忘記
14. meet each other half way 相互妥協(xié)，讓步
15. on the dot 準(zhǔn)時(shí)，正點(diǎn)
16. once and for all 最后一次; 干脆
17. out of earshot 不在聽(tīng)力所及范圍
18. out of this world 非常好
19. play by ear 隨即應(yīng)變;視情形而定
20. ring a bell 令人想起某件事;聽(tīng)起來(lái)耳熟
21. share a common outlook 有共同的觀點(diǎn)
22. six of one and half-a-dozen of the other 半斤八兩
23. stick around 在附近逗留或等待
24. stick with 繼續(xù)做，堅(jiān)持
25. straighten out 扯平;結(jié)清
26. toss and turn [身體]翻來(lái)覆去[通常表示難以入睡]
27. turn one's back [在別人遇到困難時(shí)]不愿幫助
28，under the weather 身體不適， 生病
29. bite off more thanone can chew 貪多嚼不爛;
心有余而力不足;不自量力，力不從心
30. break new ground 創(chuàng)新
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