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英文語法大全

時間: 玉蓮928 分享

  我們來看看動詞的英語語法,來學(xué)習(xí)一下巧用動詞的方法。下面是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編給大家整理的英文語法講解,供大家參閱!

  英文語法講解:動詞的不定式

  動詞不定式及其短語還可以有自己的賓語、狀語,雖然動詞不定式在語法上沒有表面上的直接主語,但它表達(dá)的意義是動作,這一動作一定由使動者發(fā)出。這一使動者我們稱之為 邏輯主語,其形式如下:

  (1)語態(tài)

  如果動詞不定式的邏輯主語是這個不定式所表示的動作的承受者,不定式一般要用被動語態(tài)形式。如:

  It's a great honour to be invited to Mary's birthday party.(不定式作主語是被動語態(tài)to be invited是被邀請)

  It was impossible for lost time to be made up.(不定式作主語)

  I wish to be sent to work in the country.(不定式作賓語)

  Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired?(不定式作定語)

  He went to the hospital to be examined.(不定式作狀語)

  在There be結(jié)構(gòu)中,修飾主語的不定式可用被動,也可用主動。如:There are still many things to take care of (to be taken care of).但有時兩種形式表達(dá)的意思不同,如:There is nothing to do now.( We have nothing to do now.) There is nothing to be done now.(We can do nothing now.)

  (2)時態(tài)

  1) 現(xiàn)在時:一般現(xiàn)在時表示的動詞,有時與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生,有時發(fā)生在謂語動詞的動作之后。

  He seems to know this.

  I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再見到你。

  2) 完成時:表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前。

  I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.

  He seems to have caught a cold.

  3) 進(jìn)行時:表示動作正在進(jìn)行,與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生。

  He seems to be eating something.

  4) 完成進(jìn)行時:

  She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.

  一般在情緒后加to do to do 也表將來

  編輯本段疑問詞+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)疑問詞who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式構(gòu)成不定式短語,在句中作主語、賓語、表 語等。如:

 ?、賅hen to leave for London has not been decided yet. (不定式在句子中做主語)

 ?、贛r. Smith didn't know whether to leave or stay there. (不定式在句子中做賓語)

  ③I asked Professor Xu how to learn English well. (不定式在句子中做直接賓語)

 ?、躎he question was where to get the medicine needed. (不定式在句子中表語)

  以上例句中疑問詞+不定式部分,均可轉(zhuǎn)換為相應(yīng)的從句形式。如:①When we shall leave…③…how I

  could learn…

  經(jīng)常在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中使用的動詞有:consider,decide,discover,explain,find out,forget,hear,know,lea rn,observe,understand,wonder等。

  語法功能一、作主語

  動詞不定式作主語時,句子的謂語動詞常用單數(shù),其位置有以下兩種:

  (1)把不定式置于句首。如:

  To get there by bike will take us half an hour.

  (2)用it作形式主語,把真正的主語不定式置于句后,常用于下列句式中。如:

 ?、買t+be+名詞+to do

  It's our duty to take good care of the old.

  ②It takes sb+some time+to do

  How long did it take you to finish the work?

 ?、跧t+be+形容詞+for sb+to do

  It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an h

  It is stupid of you to write down everything (that) the teacher says.

 ?、躀t seems(appears)+形容詞+to do

  It seemed impossible to save money.

  在句型③中,常用表示客觀情況的形容詞,如:difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary 等;在句型④中,常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等 表示贊揚或批評的詞。在不定式前的sb,可看作其邏輯主語。這一句式有時相當(dāng)于Sb is+形容詞+to do句式 ,如:It's kind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to helpme with my English.

  (3)舉例

  (1) It's easy (for me) to do that.我做這事太容易了

  easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;

  the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough

  It's so nice to hear your voice.

  聽到你的聲音真高興。

  It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.

  當(dāng)你不用車的時候,鎖車是有必要的。

  (2) It's very kind of him to help us. 他幫助我們,他真好。

  Kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考慮周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)

  例句:

  It was silly of us to believe him. 我們真愚蠢,竟然相信了他。

  It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不給他們?nèi)魏螙|西,這顯得太自私了。

  注意:(1) 其他系動詞如,look,appear等也可用于此句型

  (2) 不定式作為句子成分時,動詞用單數(shù)形式。

  (3) 當(dāng)不定式作主語的句子中又有一個不定式作表語時,不能用It is… to…的句型

  (對)To see is to believe. 眼見為實。

  (錯)It is to believe to see.

  英文語法講解:動名詞與不定式的區(qū)別

  1) 動名詞與不定式的區(qū)別:

  動名詞表達(dá)的是: 狀態(tài),性質(zhì),心境,抽象,經(jīng)常性,已發(fā)生的

  不定式表達(dá)的是: 目的,結(jié)果,原因,具體,一次性,將發(fā)生的

  2) 接不定式或動名詞,意義相同。

  3) 動名詞與不定式語義不同的有11 組:

  1 stop to do     stop doing

  2 forget to do     forget doing

  3 remember to do   remember doing

  4 regret to do     regret doing

  5 cease to do     cease doing

  6 try to do      try doing

  7 go on to do     go on doing

  8 afraid to do     afraid doing

  9 interested to do  interested doing

  10 mean to do      mean doing

  11 begin/ start to do  begin/ start doing

  英文語法講解:延續(xù)性動詞和非延續(xù)性動詞

  英語動詞按其動作發(fā)生的方式以及動作發(fā)生過程的長短,可分為延續(xù)性動詞和非延續(xù)性動詞。

  1. 延續(xù)性動詞

  也有人叫它持續(xù)性動詞,它表示能夠延續(xù)的動作,這種動作可以長時間延續(xù)下去或產(chǎn)生持久的影響。英語中的延續(xù)性動詞比較多,如study, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。

  He worked all day in the fields. 他在地里干了一天。

  I waited for you for an hour. 我等你等了一個鐘頭。

  He stayed in London for over a month. 他在倫敦待了一個多月。

  He watched them eating. 他瞧著他們吃飯。

  2. 非延續(xù)性動詞

  非延續(xù)性動詞,也有人叫它終止性動詞、短暫性動詞、瞬間動詞,它表示不能延續(xù)的動作,這種動作發(fā)生后立即結(jié)束。這類動詞常見的有begin, buy, close, come, die, fail, find, finish, go, join, kill, leave, lend, lose, sell, start, stop, borrow等。如:

  They reached the village in the afternoon. 下午他們抵達(dá)那個村子。

  I haven't finished the work yet. 這項工作我還沒有干完。

  She stood up and left the room. 她站起身走出房去。

  3. 與完成時連用

  有的人認(rèn)為非延續(xù)性動詞不能與現(xiàn)在完成時連用,你也這樣認(rèn)為嗎?錯了!其實這是一種誤解。事實上,無論是延續(xù)性動詞還是非延續(xù)性動詞,它們都可以與現(xiàn)在完成時連用。如:

  He has lived here for ten 10 years. 他在這里住了10年了。

  He has just arrived. 他剛剛到達(dá)。

  上面兩句的謂語都用了現(xiàn)在完成時,但第一句中的動詞live是延續(xù)性動詞,而第二句中的動詞arrive為非延續(xù)性動詞。兩者真正不同的是,延續(xù)動詞根據(jù)需要可以連用一段時間,而非延續(xù)性動詞通常不能連用一段時間,所以第一句中的live可以連用一段時間for ten years,第二句中的arrive則不可以連用類似for ten years這樣的一段時間。

  4. 非延續(xù)性動詞的如何變?yōu)檠永m(xù)性動詞

  非延續(xù)性動詞由于它所表示的動作只在瞬間完成,不能延續(xù),所以它不能與一段時間連用,若在實際語境中需要連用一段時間,則應(yīng)改為與之同義的延續(xù)性動詞。如:

  begin / start→be on die→be dead come / go→be in

  borrow→keep finish→be over leave→be away

  buy→have get to know→know join→be in / be a member of

  請看下面的例句子:

  運動會已經(jīng)開了三天了。

  誤:The sports meeting has begun for three days.

  正:The sports meeting has been on for three days.

  他入黨10年了。

  誤:He has joined the Party for 10 years.

  正:He has been in the Party for 10 years.

  正:He has been a Party member for 10 years.

  他死了三年了。

  誤:He has died for three years.

  正:He has been dead for three years.

  5. 在否定句中的用法

  非延續(xù)性動詞不能與一段時間連用,這通常只限于肯定句,在否定句中則沒有這樣的限制——因為所有的非延續(xù)性動詞一旦被否定,就成了一種狀態(tài),而所有的狀態(tài)都是可以持續(xù)的。如leave(離開)是非延續(xù)性動詞,而not leave(沒有離開)則是一種狀態(tài),因為“沒有離開”其實就是“呆在原處”,相當(dāng)于still stay there之類的意思,所以它是延續(xù)了。如:

  誤:He has left here for three years. 他離開這兒有三年了。

  正:He hasn't left here for three years. 他已有三年沒離開這兒了。

  

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