高三英語語法總結(jié)重點(diǎn)(2)
高三英語語法總結(jié)重點(diǎn)
高三英語語法：名詞從句
概述
一.定義: 在句中的作用相當(dāng)于一個名詞的從句叫做名詞性從句
二.分類: 名詞性從句包括四類, 分別是: 主語從句, 賓語從句, 表語從句, 同位語從句
三.引導(dǎo)詞: 名詞從句的引導(dǎo)詞包括連詞that / if / whether, 連接代詞who / whom / whose / what / which, 連接副詞when / where / how / why, 另外還有: whatever, whichever, whoever等
主語從句
一.定義: 在句中充當(dāng)主語的從句就是主語從句
二.示例:
a. That he looked at me in that strange way puzzled me.
b. Whether we can control the floods is still uncertain.
c. What he wanted to see was an end to all the armies of the world.
d. When the broadcast station will be ready is unknown.
e. Who made the long distance call to him is not important.
f. Whether we’ll go depends on the weather.
三.應(yīng)注意的問題:
1.以that引導(dǎo)主語從句時, 常用it作形式主語, 而把真正主語后移, 如在以下句型中就是如此: It is + adj / n + that...; It is said / reported / hoped that...
a. It is certain that fuels like coal and oil cause a lot of pollution.
b. It was said that only three people in the world could understand it at that time.
2.whether引導(dǎo)主語從句時, 常置于句首 (此時whether不能用if代替), 也有后移的用法 (此時whether可以用if代替)
a. Whether they will come is not yet known.
b. It is not yet known whether they will go there.
3.連接代詞who, what, which和連接副詞when, where, how, why引導(dǎo)主語從句時, 一般不后移
a. What I told you last night was really true.
b. Which team will win the game is not yet known.
c. How they went to the USA is still a puzzle.
賓語從句
一.定義: 在句中充當(dāng)賓語的從句就是賓語從句. 謂語動詞, 非謂語動詞, 介詞都可以帶有賓語從句
二.示例:
1.謂語動詞的賓語從句:
a. They knew that the habit may kill them.
b. She asked whether / if there were any chemist’s shops in this street.
c. The teacher told them who first invented the television set.
d. I want to know whose notebook is left on the table in the reading room.
e. Can you tell me where the Great Pyramid is ?
2.非謂語動詞的賓語從句:
a. Having known what he had done in school, his father was very angry.
3.介詞的賓語從句:
a. They talked half an hour about what happened in the school.
b. He is pleased with what we did yesterday.
c. Leifeng always thought of how he can do more for the people.
三.應(yīng)注意的問題:
1.句中有賓語從句且有賓補(bǔ)時, 通常用it作形式賓語, 而把賓語從句移到賓補(bǔ)后
a. We think it wrong that he didn’t help Tom.
b. I feel it possible that you will finish the work in a day.
2.that從句一般不作介詞的賓語, 但except等少數(shù)表示 “除外”的介詞除外
a. I know nothing about him except that he lives next door.
3.關(guān)于主句和賓語從句的時態(tài)呼應(yīng):
①.如果主句是過去時, 賓語從句應(yīng)是 “過去”范疇的某時態(tài)
a. He said he would fly to Egypt next day.
b. He remembered that he had left her umbrella in the library.
?、?如果賓語從句表示的是客觀真理或普遍現(xiàn)象, 可以保持 “現(xiàn)在”范疇時態(tài), 而不與主句時態(tài)呼應(yīng)
a. The teacher told us that light travels faster than sound.
③.如果主句是一般現(xiàn)在時或一般將來時, 賓語從句根據(jù)情況選用所需要的時態(tài)
4.關(guān)于賓語從句的 “否定轉(zhuǎn)移”: 主句的謂語動詞為這些詞( think, believe, expect, imagine, suppose, guess等)時, 賓語從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移到主句中去
a. I don’t think he will come.
b. I don’t think there are living things on the moon.
表語從句
一.定義: 在句中充當(dāng)表語的從句就是表語從句
二.示例:
a. My idea is that we should help mother do house work every day.
b. The question is whether we can catch the early bus.
c. Nicotine! That’s what the smokers need.
d. Ten years of hard work! That’s why I now look so old.
同位語從句
一.定義: 在一個名詞或代詞(如: news, fact, idea, hope, promise, problem, possibility等)后面, 對其作進(jìn)一步的解釋、說明的從句稱為同位語從句
二.示例:
a. I don’t know the fact that the fireman was killed in the fire.
b. I have no idea when Jack will be back.
c. He can’t answer the question how he got the money.
d. There is no doubt that she is fit for the job.
e. The news that our team has won the game is very exciting.
f. I didn’t tell mother the fact that I met with an accident on my way home.
常見問題
一.that引導(dǎo)名詞從句與定語從句的區(qū)別:
1.引導(dǎo)名詞從句的that本身無詞義, 只起引導(dǎo)作用, 在從句中并不充當(dāng)任何句子成分; 而引導(dǎo)定語從句的that是關(guān)系代詞, 有詞義(指代先行詞), 除了起引導(dǎo)作用之外, 還在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分
2.引導(dǎo)賓語從句的that可省略, 引導(dǎo)其他名詞從句的that一般不能省略; 而引導(dǎo)定語從句的that如果在定語從句中充當(dāng)賓語, 也可以省略
a. I know that smoking does harm to people’s health. (賓語從句)
b. The text tells me a fact that I have already known. (定語從句)
c. The news that he had passed the examination made her parents very happy.(同位語從句)
d. The news that he told me yesterday made me surprised.(定語從句)
二.which引導(dǎo)名詞從句與定語從句的區(qū)別:
which引導(dǎo)名詞從句時, 其含義是 “哪一個, 哪一些”; which引導(dǎo)定語從句時, 指代先行詞, 其含義就是先行詞的意思
a. There are so many beautiful caps in the shop. I really don’t know which one I should choose.(賓語從句)
b. I will never forget the days which we spent in the countryside. (定語從句)
三.that / what引導(dǎo)名詞從句的區(qū)別:
引導(dǎo)名詞從句時, that本身無詞義, 只起引導(dǎo)作用, 在從句中也不充當(dāng)任何句子成分; what有詞義, what引導(dǎo)的名詞從句的含義是 “…的事 / 物 (任何抽象的或具體的物) ”, what在從句中也充當(dāng)一個成分
a. They knew that the habit may kill them.
b. What he wanted to see (“他想看到的事”)was an end to all the armies of the world.
c. Nicotine! That’s what the smokers need.(“抽煙者所需要的東西”)
四.引導(dǎo)名詞從句時只用whether, 不用if的情況:
1.引導(dǎo)主語從句時:
a. Whether the 2000 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is not known yet.
2.引導(dǎo)表語從句時:
a. The problem is whether we need it.
3.引導(dǎo)介詞后的賓語從句時:
a. He was worried about whether he passed the exam.
4.與or not連用時:
a. It doesn’t matter whether she will come or not.
5.置于不定式之前時:
a. I don’t know whether to go.
6.引導(dǎo)同位語從句時:
a. The problem whether we’ll build another school hasn’t been settled.
五.名詞從句的語序問題: 名詞從句中都要使用陳述語序, 參看前文例句
2.引導(dǎo)表語從句時:
a. The problem is whether we need it.
3.引導(dǎo)介詞后的賓語從句時:
a. He was worried about whether he passed the exam.
4.與or not連用時:
a. It doesn’t matter whether she will come or not.
5.置于不定式之前時:
a. I don’t know whether to go.
6.引導(dǎo)同位語從句時:
a. The problem whether we’ll build another school hasn’t been settled
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