省略句在英語中的類型和用法(2)
3.賓語從句中的省略
1)在及物動詞后面所接的賓語從句中,連詞that 一般可以省略;但如果及物動詞后面是由that引導(dǎo)的兩個或兩個以上的并列的賓語從句 ,那么只有第一個that可以省略。如:
a) I think (that) the reform of the renminbi's exchange rate is necessary. 我認(rèn)為人民幣兌換率的改革是必要的。
b) He said (that)the Anti-secession law had been passed and that President Hu Jintao had signed a presidential order 他說《 反分裂國家法》已被通過,而且胡錦濤同志已簽署了主席令。
2)由 which , when ,where , how,和 why 引導(dǎo)的 賓語從句,可以全部或部分省略。如:
a) I know that NBA star Yao Ming will come to our city but I don’t know when (he will come to our city).我知道NBA明星要到我們城市來但我不知道他什么時候來。
b) He wants to move abroad but his parents wonders why (he wants to move abroad)他想搬遷到國外但他的父母想知道為什么。
4.在與suggest ,request ,order ,advise 等詞相關(guān)的名詞性從句中,須用虛擬語氣形式“should +動詞原形”,should可以省略。如:
Chirac, President of the Republic of France suggested that the China-France Culture Year (should) last long in various forms.法國總統(tǒng)希拉克建議中法文化年以各種各樣的形式長期持續(xù)。
5.主句省略多用于句首。如:
(It is a ) Pity that I didn’t go to Mary's birthday party yesterday.很遺憾,我昨天沒有去參加瑪麗的生日聚會。
6.在答語中,主句可全部省略。如:
—Why were you absent from school last Friday ?—(I was absent from school)Because my mother was ill. —上周五你為什么沒有上學(xué)? —因為我媽媽病了。
三、簡單句中的省略
1.省略主語
1)祈使句中的主語通常被省略 如:
(You) Open the door, please. 請開一下門。
2) 其它省略主語多限于現(xiàn)成的說法 如:
a) (I) Thank you for your help 謝謝你的幫助。
b) (It)Doesn’t matter.沒關(guān)系。
2.省略主謂語或主謂語的一部分 如:
a) (There is) No smoking. 禁止抽煙
b) (Is there)anything else ? 還有其他事嗎 ?
c) (You come)This way please.請這邊走。
d) (Will you) Have a smoke ? 抽煙嗎 ?
3.省略賓語 如:
—Do you know Mr. Li ? 你認(rèn)識李先生嗎?— I don’t know (him.) 我不認(rèn)識他
4.省略表語 如:
—Are you thirsty ? 你30歲了嗎? Yes , I am (thirsty). 是的,我是。
5.同時省略幾個成分 如:
a) —Are you feeling better now? 你覺得好些了嗎 ?—(I am feeling ) Much better (now) 好多了。
b) (I wish) Good luck (to you) .祝你好運/祝你順利。
四、動詞不定式省略,只保留to 的場合
1.不定式作某些動詞的賓語時,這些動詞常見的有:love, like, care, wish, hope, expect, prefer, refuse, mean , try , oblige , advise , persuade , agree , want , afford , forget , remember , try , manage等。如:
a)— You should have thanked her before you left . —I meant to ,but when I was leaving I couldn’t find her anywhere.—你本該在離開前謝謝她。—我本打算這么做,但當(dāng)我就要離開的時候我卻找不到她了。(2000上海春)
b) You can do it this way if you like to .如果你想做,你可以這么做。
2.不定式作某些動詞的賓語補足語或主語補足語時,這些動詞常見的有:ask , tell ,advise, force, persuade, wish, allow, permit , forbid ,expect, order ,warn 等。如 :
a) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street ,but his mother told him not to. 男孩想在街上騎他的自行車,但他母親不讓。(NMET1995)
b) She wants to come but her parents won’t allow her to (come). 她想來,可是她父母不讓。
3.不定式在句中作某些形容詞的狀語時,常見的形容詞有:happy, glad ,eager , anxious , willing , ready 等。如:
— I will be away on a business trip .Could you mind looking after my cat ? — Not at all.I would be happy to (look after your cat). —我要出差,你能幫我照顧一下我的貓嗎?—沒關(guān)系,我很愿意。
4.不定式作某些復(fù)合謂語時,常見結(jié)構(gòu)如:be able to, be going to, have to, ought to, used to等。如:
He doesn’t like fish but he used to 他現(xiàn)在不喜歡吃魚,但過去喜歡。
五、動詞不定式to 的省略
1.主語部分有to do ,系動詞 is 或 was 時 ,作表語的不定式通常省去to。如:
The only thing you have to do is press the button.你必須做的惟一事情是按按鈕。
2.作介詞but ,expect ,besides 的賓語,前面又有實意動詞 do時,不定式通常省去to. 如:
He said that Chen Shuibian had nothing to do except push a pro-“independence” timetable.他說陳水扁除了推進支持“獨立”的時間表外,什么也沒有做。
3.主語部分暗含to do,表語中的不定式通常省去to。如:
All I want (to do) is go to school and study hard .我想要(做)的就是上學(xué),努力學(xué)習(xí)。
4.當(dāng)兩個或多個不定式并列時,其后的不定式符號可以省略,但有對比關(guān)系時不可省略。如:
It is easier to say than to do . 說起來容易,做起來難。
5.在would rather…than… 等結(jié)構(gòu)中,不定式符號常常要省略. 如:
I would rather stay at home than go to see a film.我寧愿呆在家也不愿去看電影。
6.在see ,watch ,notice ,hear, listen to ,look at ,feel ,have, make, let ,observe 等詞后作賓語補足語時省略不定式符號to;why (not) do 結(jié)構(gòu) 中, 不定式不帶to。如:
a) I saw her enter the room. 我看見她進入了房間
b) Why not join us ?為什么不加入到我們的行列里來呢?
六.其他一些省略結(jié)構(gòu)
1.名詞所有格修飾的名詞,若表示住宅、店鋪、教堂或上下文已暗示或明確指出過的事物時,常常可以省略。如:
We spent the weekend at the Mary's. 我們在瑪麗家過的周末。
2.What和 how引導(dǎo)的感嘆句中,??墒÷灾髡Z it 和be動詞 如:
a) What a wonderful victory (it is ) for Tom ! 這對Tom來說是個多么大的勝利呀!
b) How beautiful (it is ) to be treated like a normal child. 被當(dāng)作一個正常孩子對待對他而言是多么美妙的一件事呀。