什么是間接引述詳解
什么是間接引述詳解
當(dāng)直接引語為祈使句,陳述句,疑問句被轉(zhuǎn)換成間接引語時(shí),句子的結(jié)構(gòu),人稱,時(shí)態(tài),時(shí)間,時(shí)間狀語和地點(diǎn)狀語等都要發(fā)生改變。那么你對(duì)間接引述了解多少呢?以下是由學(xué)習(xí)啦小編整理關(guān)于什么是間接引述的內(nèi)容,希望大家喜歡!
間接引述的基本概念
他們說:“皇帝死后將成為神。” [直接引語] Dixere:"Augustus post mortem deum factus erit."
他們說,那個(gè)皇帝死后將成為神。[間接引語] Dixere Augustum post mortem deum faciendum esse.
間接引語中,引語的主語要使用賓格,動(dòng)詞要使用不定式,不定式的時(shí)態(tài)取決于引語動(dòng)詞發(fā)生的時(shí)間與主句動(dòng)詞時(shí)間的先后性,不定式的性、數(shù)取決于間接引語的主語(如前所述,只用賓格)。如:
Consules sentiunt servos non esse liberandos. 執(zhí)政官們認(rèn)為奴隸們不該被釋放。
主句動(dòng)詞是認(rèn)為:sentiunt ,時(shí)態(tài)是現(xiàn)在時(shí)。間接引語中的動(dòng)詞是不定式 liberandos esse,是將來時(shí),因?yàn)?ldquo;被釋放”的動(dòng)作是發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)詞“認(rèn)為”之后的。liberandos 的性(陽性)、數(shù)(復(fù)數(shù))與間接引語的主語servos 保持一致。
當(dāng)我們引用別人的話時(shí),我們可以使用別人的原話,也可以用自己的話把意思轉(zhuǎn)述出來。如果引用原話,被引用的部分就稱之為直接引語,反之,則稱為間接引語。
這里有兩句間接引語。前面一句的動(dòng)詞是 interfectum esse,是不定式的完成時(shí),表示“被殺害”的動(dòng)作是發(fā)生在fama erat [消息到來]之前的;后一句的動(dòng)詞是 vivere, 是不定式的現(xiàn)在時(shí),表示“活著”這個(gè)動(dòng)作與消息到來同步。
直接引語和間接引語詳解
引述或轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話稱為“引語”。直接引用別人的原話,兩邊用引號(hào)“ ”標(biāo)出,叫做直接引語;用自己的語言轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話,不需要引號(hào)這叫做間接引語,實(shí)際上間接引語大都是賓語從句(其中由祈使句轉(zhuǎn)換的間接引語除外,其轉(zhuǎn)換后是不定式)。那么直接引語為陳述句、一般疑問句、特殊疑問句和祈使句,轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語時(shí),句子的結(jié)構(gòu),人稱、時(shí)態(tài)、時(shí)間狀語和地點(diǎn)狀語等都要有變化,如何變化呢?
1、人稱的轉(zhuǎn)變
1)直接引語中的第一人稱,一般轉(zhuǎn)換為第三人稱,如:
He said,“I am very sorry.” ——>He said that he was very sorry.
2)直接引語中的第二人稱,如果原話是針對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)述人說的,轉(zhuǎn)換為第一人稱,如:
“You should be more careful next time,” my father told me.——>
My father told me that I should be more careful the next time.
3)直接引語中的第二人稱,如果原話是針對(duì)第三人稱說的,轉(zhuǎn)換成第三人稱。如:
She said to her son, “I'll check your homework tonight.” ——>
She said to her son that she would check his homework that night.
4)人稱的轉(zhuǎn)換包括人稱代詞、物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞等,如:
He asked me, “Will you go to the station with me to meet a friend of mine this afternoon?” ——>
He asked me whether I would go to the station with him to meet a friend of his that afternoon.
總之,人稱的轉(zhuǎn)換不是固定的,具體情況,具體對(duì)待,要符合邏輯。
2、時(shí)態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換
直接引語改為間接引語時(shí),主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞如果是過去時(shí),從句(即間接引語部分)的謂語動(dòng)詞在時(shí)態(tài)方面要作相應(yīng)的變化,變成過去時(shí)范疇的各種時(shí)態(tài)(實(shí)際也是賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)要求)
如何把直接引語變間接引語
“一隨主”是指在直接引語變間接引語時(shí),如果從句中的主語是第一人稱或被第一人稱所修飾。從句中的人稱要按照主句中主語的人稱變化如:
She said. "My brother wants to go with me. "→She said her brother wanted to go with her.
“二隨賓”是指直接引語變間接引語時(shí),若從句中的主語及賓語是第二人稱。或被第二人你所修飾。從句中的人稱要跟引號(hào)外的主句的賓語一致。如果引號(hào)外的主句沒有賓語。也可以用第一人稱,如:
He said to Kate. "How is your sister now?"→He asked Kate how her sister was then。
“第三人稱不更新”是指直接引語變間接引語時(shí)。如果從句中的主語及賓語是第三人稱或被第三人稱所修飾從句中的人稱一般不需要變化如:
Mr Smith said。 "Jack is a good worker。"→Mr Smith said Jack was a good worker。
變時(shí)態(tài):
直接引語在改為間接引語時(shí)、時(shí)態(tài)需要做相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。
現(xiàn)在時(shí)它需改為過去時(shí)態(tài);過去時(shí)態(tài)改為完成時(shí);過去完成時(shí)則保留原來的時(shí)態(tài)。如:
1)She said. "I have lost a pen."→She said she had lost a pen
2)She said. "We hope so."→She said they hoped so.
3) She said. "He will go to see his friend。"→She said he would go to see his friend。
但要注意在以下幾種情況下。在直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí),時(shí)態(tài)一般不變化。
?、僦苯右Z是客觀真理。
"The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth, the teacher told me. → The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth。
②直接引語是過去進(jìn)行時(shí),時(shí)態(tài)不變。如:
Jack said. "John, where were you going when I met you in the street?"→Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street。
?、壑苯右Z中有具體的過去某年、某月、某日作狀語,變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí),時(shí)態(tài)不變。如:
Xiao Wang said. "I was born on April 2l, 1980。" →Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20, 1980。
④直接引語如果是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。表示一種反復(fù)出現(xiàn)或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作,變間接引語,時(shí)態(tài)不變。如:
He said, "I get up at six every morning。" →He said he gets up at six every morning。
?、萑绻苯右Z中的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒有過去時(shí)的形式(例:ought to, had better, used to)和已經(jīng)是過去時(shí)的形式時(shí),(例:could, should, would, might)不再變。如:
Peter said. "You had better come have today。" →Peter said I had better go there that day。
三、如何變狀語:
直接引語變間接引語,狀語變化有其內(nèi)在規(guī)津,時(shí)間狀語由“現(xiàn)在”改為“原來”(例:now變?yōu)閠hen, yesterday。變?yōu)?the day before)地點(diǎn)狀語,尤其表示方向性的,或用指示代詞修飾的狀語,由“此”改為“彼”(例:this 改為that),如:
He said, "These books are mine." →He said those books were his.
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